Heidar Piri
Abstract
Increases in the number of internal tensions and disturbances particularly in the last few decades have caused States seeing their security and sovereignty at risk. So, they have committed severe violations of the fundamental rights of people. Nevertheless, they ligitimize their activities and claim ...
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Increases in the number of internal tensions and disturbances particularly in the last few decades have caused States seeing their security and sovereignty at risk. So, they have committed severe violations of the fundamental rights of people. Nevertheless, they ligitimize their activities and claim the observance of International Law. Documents and international institutions governing the behavior of states consider these measures as the exercise of rights violations and greatly prohibit them and declare that internal tensions and disturbances are no longer considered in the exclusive sovereignty of states and to prevent domestic violence tragedies and disasters, extensive and appropriate measures should be taken at national and international level. Therefore, the new approach of the international community demonstrates the extension of the minimum standards of International Humanitarian Fundamental Law irrespective of time and place to any situation of internal tensions and disturbances and other life-threatening emergencies which lead to threat the existence of a nation. In this article, we’ve tried to investigate International rules (customary and conventional) governing the conduct of states during internal tensions and disturbances and their impact on the protection of International Humanitarian Fundamental Law and state authority facing such situations from the perspective of international law.
Hosein Mir Mohammad Sadeghi; eslam rajabali
Abstract
One of the present main legal, social and economic problems of the country which has turned into a government’s and the judiciary’s concern is the phenomenon of Speculation. This phenomenon is important both economically and environmentally which is required to be dealt with by criminal law–as ...
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One of the present main legal, social and economic problems of the country which has turned into a government’s and the judiciary’s concern is the phenomenon of Speculation. This phenomenon is important both economically and environmentally which is required to be dealt with by criminal law–as preserving the main values in the society. Such an approach will necessitate the proactive (preventive) and reactive (punitive) measures and requires a detailed understanding of this phenomenon, its extent and methods used in its analysis. Once we intend to deal with this phenomenon, we will encounter various significant gaps and vacuums such as lack of clear definition, lack of clear domain, and eventually lack of specific criminal measure regarding the many acts done by the speculators. Also through scrutinizing the existing rules and regulations relevant to the public and state lands, we come to understanding that not only our existing law cannot prevent this phenomenon, but also in some cases, the law aggravates and propagates such a phenomenon. Also because speculation is mostly done by those white collar offenders who are influential in the society and have the political, social, economic relations , such contradictory laws and their pores make easier for those people to do so. So, the first step in dealing with this phenomenon is eliminating regulatory gaps and enacting comprehensive laws which preserve the natural and national resources of the country.
Hamid Bahremand
Abstract
One of the characteristics of cybercrimes is that perpetrators because of the possibility of anonymity and by finding ways to commit crimes can commit several crimes against multiple victims at the same time. On one hand, some crimes are committed by using methods such as phishing, which encompasses ...
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One of the characteristics of cybercrimes is that perpetrators because of the possibility of anonymity and by finding ways to commit crimes can commit several crimes against multiple victims at the same time. On one hand, some crimes are committed by using methods such as phishing, which encompasses a wide range of victims. On the other hand, according to their personality, the perpetrators of these crimes are familiar with the techniques of committing the crime and also are aware of the criminal laws and regulations, and that the commission of the crimes more than certain numbers has no effect on the amount of their punishment. This makes these rules, which are, as a rule, applicable to individuals whose multiple crimes are exceptions, is not effective for cybercriminals whose single offense is often the exception, and criminal responses do not prevent them from other crimes. The failure to impose penalties, such as deprivation of electronic public services, both as primary punishments and as additional penalties do not prevent these criminals from committing another crime again after sustaining the main penalty. The ambiguity in the regulation of the multiple crimes and unclear boundaries between actual and virtual concurrence of crimes and numerous criminal consequences has led to differences in the determination of appropriate penalties in judicial proceedings. This article, by using a library-based resources and a descriptive-analytical method, in addition to interpretive method seeks appropriate solutions for solving problems.
Public Law
keivan eghbali
Abstract
The suspension of the human rights is one of the solutions which was designed to strike a balance between the need to respect human rights and human freedom and safeguarding of public interests in the emergency status. In the meantime, in order to prevent any possibility of misuse of authority in recognizing ...
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The suspension of the human rights is one of the solutions which was designed to strike a balance between the need to respect human rights and human freedom and safeguarding of public interests in the emergency status. In the meantime, in order to prevent any possibility of misuse of authority in recognizing the necessity or non-necessity of the suspension of the human rights by government, some preconditions have been provided. In this context, due to the implicit recognition of the possibility of suspension of human rights within laws of Iran, the present study aims to investigate with a descriptive-analytical method whether the judicial oversight in the process of suspending human rights can play an effective role in preventing possible human rights violations in this process? The results indicate that after review of existing jurisprudence one can conclude that judicial oversight of the judiciary on implementation of preconditions of the suspension can play an effective rule in protecting the rights of the citizens. It is important to note that in the entire supervisory process, three basic criteria and principles, namely the rule of law, judicial independence and impartiality, must always be at the forefront of the work of the relevant institutions in the judiciary; Criteria that each of them depends on appropriate guarantees by the judiciary.
Abbas Tadayyon
Abdollah Sedighian; Javad Jafari Nadoshsan
Abstract
Contracting parties can suspend dissolution of contract to an event in the future by inserting a dissolving condition into the contract. The effect of this condition is extinction of obligation and fulfillment is compulsory and applies to future. The manner of inserting a dissolving condition into the ...
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Contracting parties can suspend dissolution of contract to an event in the future by inserting a dissolving condition into the contract. The effect of this condition is extinction of obligation and fulfillment is compulsory and applies to future. The manner of inserting a dissolving condition into the contract and its consequences confirm that dissolving condition is condition of subsequent events and its effect is in the collective intention of the parties. Dissolving condition which is not contrary to law, moral requirements and public order, is compulsory. Dissolving conditions can be applied to revocable contracts too.
Bagher Shamloo; Hamidreza Daneshnari
Abstract
The criminogenic corporate culture as a new concept in the domain of empirical criminology studies is rooted in organizational behavior studies. This term refers to a form of organizational culture in which crime is committed as a normal thing. Hence, the cause of crime, in some companies and industrial ...
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The criminogenic corporate culture as a new concept in the domain of empirical criminology studies is rooted in organizational behavior studies. This term refers to a form of organizational culture in which crime is committed as a normal thing. Hence, the cause of crime, in some companies and industrial spheres, is the existence of a crime culture that leads to the normative validation of illegal behavior and the incentive structure for doing these behaviors. By providing the normative guideline, companies offer permission to commit illegal and immoral behaviors under certain conditions to their practitioners and take incentives and safeguards to comply with or violate these norms. Therefore, the culture of crime is defined as an organizational and social truth, which is defined in terms of the ethical values existing in an organization that originates from underlying assumptions. This research seeks to examine the corporate culture by using the Schein organizational culture model, which consists of three layers of Artifacts, values and assumptions. The findings of this study indicate that organizational imagination and distortion of reality in the organization's visible areas are among the reasons that led to the ineffectiveness of the artifact layer in the analysis of the corporate culture of crime. Nevertheless, the underlying values and assumptions of an organization as inseparable parts of Schein's organizational culture can perfectly analyze the organizational culture of crime. Accordingly, in organizations with a mass culture, the expected behavior of the workers will be a crime, because in the core of organizational culture, committing a crime is considered as a value. Nonetheless, fundamental assumptions as unwritten value systems in an organization that identify corporate paradigms create the values of an organization.
Private Law
Behnam Habibi
Abstract
Based on the principles of judicial democracy, the principle of access to the judiciary has come to the forefront of the new concepts in civil justice law. On the basis of openness of the proceedings, the specialization of the judicial system and the development of various forms of dispute resolution ...
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Based on the principles of judicial democracy, the principle of access to the judiciary has come to the forefront of the new concepts in civil justice law. On the basis of openness of the proceedings, the specialization of the judicial system and the development of various forms of dispute resolution with the necessity of qualitative access to the judiciary, all make it possible to reach the efficiency of the judicial system. Meanwhile the need for quantitative access to the judiciary on the basis of judicial review and compliance with the principle of proportionality approach will lead to a standard judiciary system. The principle of access to justice has three fundamental indicators. The principle of easy access, which includes access to the rules of procedure and objective access to the judicial system. The principle of quick access, which relies on digital economy and information and communication technology, is driven by electronic justice. The principle of cheap access also seeks to balance the cost of litigation in the macro perspective. There are three criteria and sub-indicators in this principle which include the system of judicial assistance, both public and private, the law enforcement agency and the litigation insurance system. In the present paper, with a focus on the economics of justice and in a comparative approach, while recognizing the concept of the principle of cheap access to the Judiciary, from two legal and economic perspectives during scientific discussions, the following three sub-indicators will be discussed.
Abbas Tadayon
Abdollah khodabakhshi; Nayyere Abedinzade Shahri
Abstract
Thecloserthescopesofmoralsandlawbecome, themoredifficultobservinglegallogicandattainingjusticewillbe. Infact, incaseoffamily, theboundarybetweenmoralsandlaw, emotionsandjustice, fairnessandadvocacyandothernon-consistentconceptsgetsdarkerandcontrastsraise. Thesecontrastsnotonlyhappeninlegislationbutalsoconfusethejudge; ...
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Thecloserthescopesofmoralsandlawbecome, themoredifficultobservinglegallogicandattainingjusticewillbe. Infact, incaseoffamily, theboundarybetweenmoralsandlaw, emotionsandjustice, fairnessandadvocacyandothernon-consistentconceptsgetsdarkerandcontrastsraise. Thesecontrastsnotonlyhappeninlegislationbutalsoconfusethejudge; becauseinadditiontoissuingverdict, theresponsibilityoffindingthesubjectofclaimisalsouponhim; whichmaycausethejudgetobedeviatedasaresultofmixingthingsupwithemotions. Inthiscourse, thejudgeshouldnoticethisfundamentaltenetthatitiscriticaltohaveatrueinterpretationofrulesinadditiontofindingthesubjectandthecorrectrule. Thisisadifficultburdenclosertolegalintuitionthanwrittenorverbaldeduction.
Ali Saatchi; Sourosh Seyedian Hashemi
Abstract
Civil liability of air carrier have international and domestic aspects. Although according to Article 19 of Warsaw and Montreal convention"", there is no clear definition of delay in both conventions and recoverable damages and remedies as well. Also, Iranian legislator point of view is debatable and ...
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Civil liability of air carrier have international and domestic aspects. Although according to Article 19 of Warsaw and Montreal convention"", there is no clear definition of delay in both conventions and recoverable damages and remedies as well. Also, Iranian legislator point of view is debatable and it is not clear which provisions are applicable,therefore genral rules of responsibility are applicable here. Moreover, passengers, due to lack of special provisions, have many difficulty, that clearly, is in opposite to principle of providing more rights for passengers. In this contribution, concept of delay and recoverable damages in light of international case law and legal doctrine are examined, and position of Iranian legislator in domestic flights are analyzed to find an appropriate solution comparatively.
Morteza Akbary lalimi
Abstract
One of the main principles in the contemporary international law is the principal of the right to self-determination which has been mentioned in many of international documents. From the historical perspective and in the formation process, this right has been just associated with colonial cases for a ...
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One of the main principles in the contemporary international law is the principal of the right to self-determination which has been mentioned in many of international documents. From the historical perspective and in the formation process, this right has been just associated with colonial cases for a long time, and it has had a political concept. With regard to the evolutions in global society, this principal has been gradually written in the international documents including the Charter of the United Nations, International Covenant on Civil and political Rights, International Covenant on economic, Social, and Cultural Rights, General Assembly Resolutions, conventions and regional documents, and it has been recognized as a principle law. From the author’s point of view, the cooperation of the United Nations members in accordance with the charter of the United Nations, together with the proposal of organized guidelines and compulsory treaties are of great importance in order to omit this opposition. The present article is an investigation of different aspects of this opposition along with the explanation of cases and operational methods leading to the omission of this opposition.
Alireza Taghipour; Morteza Zarrine
Abstract
Pornography as one of the examples of computer crimes that covers the contents which mostly are produced, published, kept and dealt on the basis of erotic and sexual arousal. With the advent of the Internet, meanwhile, pornography protrude from a purely traditional way that are mainly published as books, ...
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Pornography as one of the examples of computer crimes that covers the contents which mostly are produced, published, kept and dealt on the basis of erotic and sexual arousal. With the advent of the Internet, meanwhile, pornography protrude from a purely traditional way that are mainly published as books, magazines and painting, there also an efficient tool was created for sexual offenders. Pornography extension in cyberspace as a secure place for perpetrators and its consequences led to the adoption of documents at global and regional level. In these documents by providing a definition of pornography and its multiple instances it was attempted that in order of combating effectively with this phenomenon, there be comprehensive and uniform standards to be introduced to the countries of the world in the present article which has been edited in a descriptive-analytic way by considering international documents and by the aim of comparing these documents with Iran's parliament approved the law on cybercrimes we have reached to this conclusion that although the Iranian legislator has tried to made steps against pornography but the ambiguity and incomprehensibility of some phrases, Imposing disproportionate punishments for instances of pornography, set the akin punishment for the perpetrators regardless of the age of the victim and the ignoring the role of parents and protectors of children in the commission of the crime as an aggravating circumstances, has caused the law not to be able to deal and cope effectively with pornography in cyberspace.
Mehdi Hasanzadeh
Abstract
Among the important issues related to the notification of judicial documents, the examination of the validity of the constructive notice of the judicial documents is due to the influence or inaction of the respondent's information in this background. In this regard, Article 83 of the Civil Procedure ...
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Among the important issues related to the notification of judicial documents, the examination of the validity of the constructive notice of the judicial documents is due to the influence or inaction of the respondent's information in this background. In this regard, Article 83 of the Civil Procedure Code provides for a ruling that not only imposes serious executive barriers, but also is incompatible and conflicting with other materials (302, 306, 336, 337, 338, 398, 399, 427, 428 and 429) of the code, as well as the logic governing other material related to the notification of judicial documents (67 to 82). Research in this area illustrates this inconsistency and difficulty of implementation that requires an effort to provide an executive solution. Note 1 of Article 13 of the Regulation on the Use of Electronic and Telecommunication Systems is spoken about the notification addressee's statement of unaware and the proof of this ignorance, without the effect of such a statement and proving. This silence requires a review of the subject.
Public Law
Mina Akbari; fatemeh Afshari
Abstract
Legislative authorities have determined a referee called the Disciplinary Council of Construction Engineering Organization to investigate the guild violations committed by construction engineers. From the point of view of the principles of public law, the constitution as well as the views of the Guardians ...
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Legislative authorities have determined a referee called the Disciplinary Council of Construction Engineering Organization to investigate the guild violations committed by construction engineers. From the point of view of the principles of public law, the constitution as well as the views of the Guardians Council, judicial review on this council is necessary. However, the legislator has not specified any competent court as the reference of judicial review on the Disciplinary Council of Construction Engineering Organization. In the judiciary as well, pointing to the non-governmental nature of the Construction Engineering Organization, the Public Board of the Administrative Justice Court has not approved the competency of this court to investigate the decisions made by the Disciplinary Council of that Organization. In addition to, the Public Board of the Supreme Court did not consider the decisions of the Disciplinary Council of the Engineering System Organization to be subject to appeal in courts, citing the word "certainty" authorized in Article 24 of the Engineering System Law. Now the question is what is the legal solution to solve this legal and judicial challenge? Regarding the resulted condition, it is suggested for the Public Board of the Supreme Court to modify its already adopted approach to “the certainty of the decisions of this administrative tribunals” in the new decisions about the united practice; because this approach contradicts the religious, constitutional law, and the staute. Certainty of these rules refers to the certainty of administrative and executive procedure and cannot be generalized to judicial certainty. In the second step, as a long-term plan, the Administrative Justice Court should be recognized as a competent reference to investigate the complaints about the decisions of all the administrative tribunals. This procedure is more adapted to the concept of administrative proceeding. Therefore, with modification of the rules,
Mohammad Ali Babaei
Amir Hossein Jalali Frahani
Mahdi hatami; Fereshteh Sadat Hosseini
Abstract
As the jurisdictional immunity of state’s history shows, the immunity faced to many challenges and changes. With regard to such changes in international customary law, there is no rule based on may waver the jurisdictional immunity of state before other state’s courts, if they committed a ...
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As the jurisdictional immunity of state’s history shows, the immunity faced to many challenges and changes. With regard to such changes in international customary law, there is no rule based on may waver the jurisdictional immunity of state before other state’s courts, if they committed a breach of human right as jus cogens. Italian courts, however, did something unusual and became a frontier in making a new exception on international law. Germany, on 23 December 2008, instituted proceedings against the Italy before the International Court of Justice. Germany stated that Italian judicial bodies have repeatedly disregarded the jurisdictional immunity of Germany as a sovereign State. Germany v. Italy case was a chance for the International Court of Justice to state its point of view about interaction among human rights, Jus cogens, and state immunity. We’re going to study the opinion and Judgment of the International Court of Justice to know whether the court is going to make international customary law about state immunity stable or help developing it by new exceptions.
MohammadJafar HabibZadeh; Valiyollah Sadeghi
Abstract
Some special defending rights have been recognized to make certain that trial process would be fair for someone who has been entered judicial cycle because of accusation of a crime. These can be called "human justice rights". Included in is not to be respondent or right to silence when asked by a judge ...
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Some special defending rights have been recognized to make certain that trial process would be fair for someone who has been entered judicial cycle because of accusation of a crime. These can be called "human justice rights". Included in is not to be respondent or right to silence when asked by a judge that in practice there are some worries about the degree to which an accused can benefit from his/her right and widespread criticism of the government’s absolute acceptance of this right. Somehow, this worry has been reflected in criminal procedure and new Criminal Procedure Act. In this article, we tried to explain not only concepts, types and accreditation basis, but also attitude to this right in international documents as well as in internal laws. Also included in are "wise discontinuation of silence" mechanisms so as to terminate silence through mechanisms like attention to criminal past history, to logical reasons of silence, to evidence, to victims as well as to encouragement.
Mohammad Roshan; aliakbar jafari; Mojtaba Jahantighi
Abstract
In recent section of previous civil procedure law (article 728) was mentioned that damage can be caused by destruction of property or can be generated by loss of profit which was resulted by performing of an obligation. This verdict put an end to all conflicts about loss of profit and gave right to creditor ...
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In recent section of previous civil procedure law (article 728) was mentioned that damage can be caused by destruction of property or can be generated by loss of profit which was resulted by performing of an obligation. This verdict put an end to all conflicts about loss of profit and gave right to creditor to his definite deprivation benefit beside property casualty and increase of his debts. After Islamic revolution and constitution passage in 1358, According to the forth principle: "All civil, penal, financial, administrative, cultural, political law and other ones should be based on Islamic principles." This important principle emphasized that all provisions should be Islamic. Legislator a long time after the Islamic revolution in second waver of article 515 of civil procedure law approved in 1379 that regularly should be constructed on jurisprudence noted that: "loss of profit cannot be demanded" and accordingly generated a profuse conflicts among scientists. In this essay we want to say that all reasons in irreparability of loss profit can be refuted and vice versa, there are many reasons against first viewpoint. As a result legislator deduction from jurisprudence resources was not correct. Accordingly not only second waver of article 515 civil procedure law approved in 1379 is contrary to the constitution especially forth principle, but also it does not have compatibility with jurisprudence basis, consequently its reform is requisite.
Omid Rostami Ghazani
Abstract
Right to counsel is one of rights that in different countries legal proceedings and in international instruments on human rights accepted. This paper seeks to examine the defendant's right to counsel in criminal trials of international courts. In this regard, the right to counsel viewed in the criminal ...
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Right to counsel is one of rights that in different countries legal proceedings and in international instruments on human rights accepted. This paper seeks to examine the defendant's right to counsel in criminal trials of international courts. In this regard, the right to counsel viewed in the criminal trails of the Nuremburg, Tokyo, Former Yugoslavia and Rwanda tribunals and the International Criminal Court. Explaining the need to respect the right to counsel as one of the human rights, presumption of innocence and equality of arms is issue of the first part of this research. Given the importance of this right in order to protect the defendant's personal interestsand the interests of the international community (in international trials), and essential scientific and technical competence for lawyers, therefore the terms and conditions for obtaining the representation in international courts are expected that these terms and conditions are the issue of the second part of this article. The right to counsel during the pre-trial, trail and post-trail of international criminal courts proceedings is the subject of the third part of this research. In the fourth section of this article, various instances of the right to counsel are discussed.
Ali Ghorbani; Jafar Movahedi
Abstract
Most of the European and Islamic law terms seem to be similar in nature because of the similarities in their terms (expressions). But a closer and more careful look at these terms reveals that although they seem to be similar to each other, they have different meanings. Including these terms is the principle ...
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Most of the European and Islamic law terms seem to be similar in nature because of the similarities in their terms (expressions). But a closer and more careful look at these terms reveals that although they seem to be similar to each other, they have different meanings. Including these terms is the principle of innocence (asle baraat) in feghh which is GOD-oriented whose correspondence in European law is the presumption of innocence which is due to the Western-oriented way of thinking. By careful investigation we will find that these terms each have different realms and functions in base and consequences including difference in subject, the people affected, the people included, the type of doubts, the realm off rights and bonuses, the person in charge of decision, and the results obtained.
Seyed Asghar Hendi
Ebrahim Diyanati Nasab; Abdolhossein shiravi
Abstract
Offset agreements are legal trade practices, common in the aerospace and military industries. The international names for these commercial practices are various: industrial compensations, industrial cooperation, offsets, industrial and regional benefits, balances and equilibrium. An offset agreement ...
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Offset agreements are legal trade practices, common in the aerospace and military industries. The international names for these commercial practices are various: industrial compensations, industrial cooperation, offsets, industrial and regional benefits, balances and equilibrium. An offset agreement is an agreement between two parties whereby a supplier agrees to buy products from the party to whom it is selling, in order to win the buyer as a customer and offset the buyer's outlay. Generally the seller is a foreign company and the buyer is a government that stipulates that the seller must then agree to buy products from companies within their country. Indeed, industrial compensation practices required as a condition of purchase in either government-to-government or commercial sales of articles and/or services. Often, the aim of this process is to even-up a country's balance of trade. Although the offset agreement is so significant, it has been rarely known for inner academic associations; in this work, after brief introducing of the mechanism, variations and compensatory obligations of these contracts, we discuss about the structure of them and the tendency of their parties to bind independent contracts related to each other throughout a document called the protocol.
Morad Nasiri
