Mohsen Borhani; Mehrnoosh Abouzari
Abstract
In recent years, the discussion of the access of all countries to essential drugs has been raised as a moral challenge, most of which the granting of intellectual property rights to the of this industry and the lack of access of developing countries to these products. Though this industries have tried ...
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In recent years, the discussion of the access of all countries to essential drugs has been raised as a moral challenge, most of which the granting of intellectual property rights to the of this industry and the lack of access of developing countries to these products. Though this industries have tried to justify themselves with economic and legal arguments, but the result is creating a link between the industries and low-income countries. Thus, the discussion is whether substantially the intellectual property of essential drugs is applicable and whether should not this property be defined in the light of the concept of treatment and human need for treatment? What is the justification for this discussion? Is the right to health and access to medicines is based on ethical principles, or does legal bases support this? The other is the right to have access to everyone will they take medications, or will they just allocate the necessary medications in this domain to drug inventions? It seems legal principles and there is an ethical need for protecting people's health in accessing the necessary drugs to allocate the right to drug innovations. This paper, in two parts of the legal and ethical justification of the debate, seeks to address the conflict between the right to health and the right to intellectual property on inventions providing arguments in two aspects and explaining the ethical justification of this preference by preferring the ethical responsibility of the right to health.
Hasan Badini; somaye abbasi
Abstract
Although compensation is the main purpose of tort law with respect to the injured, it is not the sole purpose and along with this main goal; Tort law can also be effective to deter the injurers and prevent the future accident. Due to the reactive and ex- post nature of tort law, its failure to achieve ...
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Although compensation is the main purpose of tort law with respect to the injured, it is not the sole purpose and along with this main goal; Tort law can also be effective to deter the injurers and prevent the future accident. Due to the reactive and ex- post nature of tort law, its failure to achieve prevention and the importance of proactive (ex ante) and preventive measures, especially in the ultra-hazardous activities and mass torts, some scholars believe that through other methods such as safety regulation and regulatory rules, the preventive purpose can be better achieved. That is why today in many legal systems, preventive measures through public law and enactment of safety regulation to secure the safety of citizens, has become an effective tool for the management of hazardous activity. In this paper we have tried to assess the function of these two legal tools for the prevention of dangerous activities. Our study shows that in addition to tort law failures to prevent the hazardous activity, regulation has also some deficiencies and this has made it inevitable to employ both of them in many cases.
Alireza Taghipour; Morteza Zarrine
Abstract
Pornography as one of the examples of computer crimes that covers the contents which mostly are produced, published, kept and dealt on the basis of erotic and sexual arousal. With the advent of the Internet, meanwhile, pornography protrude from a purely traditional way that are mainly published as books, ...
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Pornography as one of the examples of computer crimes that covers the contents which mostly are produced, published, kept and dealt on the basis of erotic and sexual arousal. With the advent of the Internet, meanwhile, pornography protrude from a purely traditional way that are mainly published as books, magazines and painting, there also an efficient tool was created for sexual offenders. Pornography extension in cyberspace as a secure place for perpetrators and its consequences led to the adoption of documents at global and regional level. In these documents by providing a definition of pornography and its multiple instances it was attempted that in order of combating effectively with this phenomenon, there be comprehensive and uniform standards to be introduced to the countries of the world in the present article which has been edited in a descriptive-analytic way by considering international documents and by the aim of comparing these documents with Iran's parliament approved the law on cybercrimes we have reached to this conclusion that although the Iranian legislator has tried to made steps against pornography but the ambiguity and incomprehensibility of some phrases, Imposing disproportionate punishments for instances of pornography, set the akin punishment for the perpetrators regardless of the age of the victim and the ignoring the role of parents and protectors of children in the commission of the crime as an aggravating circumstances, has caused the law not to be able to deal and cope effectively with pornography in cyberspace.
Mohammad Jalali; Mohammad HasanVand; Ayob Miri
Abstract
By the Iranian Constitution, justice courts are considered to be the public authorities to deal with people’s complaints. Alongside these public authorities, the Administrative Justice Court (AJC) has been developed with the aim of “getting people’s right from the government” ...
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By the Iranian Constitution, justice courts are considered to be the public authorities to deal with people’s complaints. Alongside these public authorities, the Administrative Justice Court (AJC) has been developed with the aim of “getting people’s right from the government” and “establishment of administrative justice”. Referring to the principles of the Constitution, one can to some extent make jurisdictional distinctions between the justice courts and the AJC. However, in the Iranian judicial procedure, which has a more precise look at the issue of jurisdiction, and explains the distinctions in a technical manner, the issued decisions indicate that regarding the jurisdiction of the AJC there is not a united procedure, and this disunity applies both to the AJC and public courts. The first question to be raised is whether all claims concerning the government’s civil responsibility should be made before the AJC, or in all cases in which the losers intend to demand compensation from the governmental institutions they first should refer to the AJC in order to ascertain the transgression; or in some cases they can directly make their claims before the public court. Abstracting the cases in which the conditions of the responsibility of the government are met, this study tries to discuss the above questions on the basis of the examination of judicial decisions. Finally, it comes to the conclusion that the general jurisdiction of public justice courts over all civil and criminal claims requires that the jurisdiction of the Administrative Justice Court should be interpreted according to the existing laws and in accordance with the philosophy of the formation of the AJC. Therefore, not all claims could be made before the AJC, and the individual claims for compensation against administration must be interpreted with respect to the nature of the claims, the position of the specific governmental office or department in relation to that of the individual, and the type of the administrative action.
Reza Khoshnodi; Reza Alipour; Alireza Shokohian
Abstract
Not only breach of competition law's regulations has negative effect on economic efficiency, but also causes damages to persons. Since, various legal systems want to prevent anti-competitive conducts and compensate the losses that arise from these conducts, by designing various legal mechanisms. But, ...
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Not only breach of competition law's regulations has negative effect on economic efficiency, but also causes damages to persons. Since, various legal systems want to prevent anti-competitive conducts and compensate the losses that arise from these conducts, by designing various legal mechanisms. But, we should keep in mind that primarily, evaluation of theoretical bases of compensable damages is necessary to discuss injured parties' compensation issues. Study about these bases illustrates differences between various legal systems. Moreover, compensation of losses that arise from anti-competitive conducts has multilayer goals. In one hand, that wants to reach short-time aims that most important of them is compensation of injured parties or in other word compensatory aim. To reach this goal, special methods are designed; such as private and class action. On other hand, we can't condone long-time aims. Most important consideration between them is preventing the anti-competitive conducts’ occurrence that can be reached by punitive damages. Summary analysis of theoretical bases of compensable losses and current compensation methods of such losses in different legal systems, will illustrate our legal system's failures.
Mohammad Hossein Ramazani Ghavamabadi
Abstract
Multiple functions of NGOs have caused state actors in national and international arena could not easily ignore their presence. Following the ratification of Code of Criminal Procedure in 2015, legislature made it possible, in article 66, for NGOs to take part in criminal proceedings to promote the interests ...
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Multiple functions of NGOs have caused state actors in national and international arena could not easily ignore their presence. Following the ratification of Code of Criminal Procedure in 2015, legislature made it possible, in article 66, for NGOs to take part in criminal proceedings to promote the interests of vulnerable groups and also play an important role in victimless crimes. According to the first version of this article, NGOs could participate in different steps of criminal process, from complaint to appeal. Unfortunately, in the subsequent modification of the Code, the role of NGOs in appeal was denied. This modification, besides to the necessity of the NGO to be qualified by the head of the Judiciary, had negative effect on the role of NGOs in criminal proceedings. One of these negative points, discretion of Judiciary's head to qualify the NGOs, was modified by an act in 2016. But the other one, inability of the NGOs to appeal, still exists.
In this paper, we will discuss the basics, requirements and the ways of the participation of NGOs in criminal proceedings, as provided by Iranian legislature.
mohammad soltani; Shahrzad Hadadi
Abstract
One of the fundamental features of Mudaraba is jointly participating of both parties of the contract in the whole profit and loss caused by the commercial activity in such a way that each of them has a share in the final obtained profit according to what they have agreed on and the agent as a trustee ...
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One of the fundamental features of Mudaraba is jointly participating of both parties of the contract in the whole profit and loss caused by the commercial activity in such a way that each of them has a share in the final obtained profit according to what they have agreed on and the agent as a trustee of the owner does his best efforts to use his capital in a profitable manner. This article aims to analyze the decisive profit in bank Mudaraba by emphasizing on the actual practices of the banks, legal analysis of law issues and also the existing judicial procedure. Generally in bank Mudaraba the bank seeks to gain decisive portion of the reached profit regardless of real consequences of the contract, while the substantial component of this kind of contract, i.e. Mudaraba, is doing commerce and participating in the eventual profit and loss of the activity. Keeping that in mind, it seems that if the only effect of this contractual provision was just transforming the contract into a one which is valid under Article 10 of the Civil Code, the whole transaction would be a usury contract. On the other hand if the provision itself was just recognized illegal and consequently null and non-nullifying, it would be accounted as canceled. So the way of distributing the profit between bank and agent still remains vague. Accordingly it must be accepted that this kind of provision which determines the decisive portion of the gained profit on behalf of the bank, based on the Article 233 (1) of the civil code, is null that nullifies the contract.
Majid Sadeghnezhad Naeiny
Abstract
Companies or commercial enterprises have an important role in the economic development of countries. With the globalization of economy and increased number of these legal entities, the world economy in general and economic system of developing countries in particular has faced a newly-emerged phenomenon ...
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Companies or commercial enterprises have an important role in the economic development of countries. With the globalization of economy and increased number of these legal entities, the world economy in general and economic system of developing countries in particular has faced a newly-emerged phenomenon called crimes of corporations or corporate crimes. Corporate crimes or crimes of commercial legal entities as well as their offenders which in recent decades have been subject to criminal law and criminal liability can be considered as the revisited concept of white-collar crimes which are classified in the area of critical criminology. It can be defined as the criminal acts of commercial enterprises which are committed in the context of the business by the collective action of the directors or officers of the enterprises. Outbreak of these crimes especially because of the increase in the quality and number of legal entities, in particular commercial enterprises, has caused researchers to get interested in extensive studies to explain the different causes of commitment of these crimes. Like any other crime, these crimes are caused by various factors such as the nature of economic system. In other words, these crimes have roots in the nature and the type of economic system. This is of great importance in the economic system of Iran in which many commercial entities are administered by the government. So there are a lot of opportunities for rent-seeking behaviors. In this essay, corporate crimes will be analyzed in the light of economic systems, and reference will also be made, where appropriate to the economic system of Iran.
Yunes Fathi; Kheyrollah Shahmoradi
Abstract
Privacy is a reasonable range in which an individual expects to be safe from others accessibility. The others referred here, could be the government or other real or legal persons, therefore, privacy has a same definition in virtual space. This space has caused new threats and opportunities be created ...
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Privacy is a reasonable range in which an individual expects to be safe from others accessibility. The others referred here, could be the government or other real or legal persons, therefore, privacy has a same definition in virtual space. This space has caused new threats and opportunities be created and the privacy in virtual space has encountered questions, uncertainties and challenges. We should primarily go to the root of privacy concept formation. Privacy gets importance when the individual get important and without that individual, there is privacy for him/her. Thus, privacy is a modern concept. Now regarding to the fact that this individual is the most effective element in virtual space and also this is the person who gives identity to the internet, reviewing the concept and area of privacy in virtual place gets double importance. Now, as it has been obvious that why and how the issue of privacy is tied to virtual space and social network, the most important question of this article forms that what is the concept, area and territory of privacy in virtual space? Naturally, as this issue gets clarified, we should find the grounds for privacy violation in virtual space and should go to the issue that who try to violate privacy in virtual space and social networks and why they do that, in order to find solutions to prevent this violation. This article is seeking to clarify these issues by the descriptive and analytical method.
Parvin Mohammadi Dinani
Abstract
The Umbrella Clause is included in many bilateral investment treaties. Previously, the clause was used in the international documents relateing to ownership of foreigners. In this article, the meaning of the clause is analyzed in view of the previous history of inserting the clause in international documents ...
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The Umbrella Clause is included in many bilateral investment treaties. Previously, the clause was used in the international documents relateing to ownership of foreigners. In this article, the meaning of the clause is analyzed in view of the previous history of inserting the clause in international documents and the authoritative views of law scholars. The interpretation of the clause in international investment arbitration proceedings is important. The main issue in the proceedings is whether the tribunals provided for in bilateral investment treaties for settlement of disputes have jurisdiction for dealing with contractual disputes. In other words, the question is whether the investor can refer a contractual dispute to the treaty tribunal on the basis of the umbrella clause. This issue will become important in cases where the contract includes a clause on settelement of disputes. The position of the two clauses on settelement of disputes (one in the contract and the other in treaty) and the conflict of jurisdictions between the two tribunals had been analyzed in international investment arbitration proceedings, and has been disscused in this article.
