Document Type : Research/Original/Regular Article

Author

Abstract

Nowadays imposing unfair terms on weak contracting party by strong party especially in consumer contracts is an undeniable fact. In foreign law primarily courts interfered in benefit of the weak party and by assistance of interpretative techniques used the capacity of general prenciples of contracts to confront those terms and in the next step the approach of protecting consumer against unfair terms was followed by legislators. Now consumer code of most countries has a part for control of unfair terms that defines some contract terms as unfair and declare them invalid.but unforchonatly in iran the consumer protection code has not such regulations.so in this circumstances of legislative vacumm and considering the necessity of intervention, the only solution is judicial control. the study of techniques that courts have utilized  to confronting these terms in the other countries shows that minimal tools which is necessary for this control is also available in the iran law.the most important legal tool that seems iranian courts can use for confronting unfair terms is the concept of public policy(article 975 of Civil Code)

Keywords

-           ابدالی، مهرزاد؛ و محمدعیسی تفرشی، «بررسی قراردادهای نامشروع (مغایر نظم عمومی) در حقوق فرانسه، انگلیس و ایران»، فصلنامه مدرس، ویژه‌نامه حقوق، شماره 37، زمستان 1383.
-           امیری قائم‌مقامی، عبدالمجید، حقوق تعهدات، جلد اول، نشر میزان، 1378.
-           ایزانلو، محسن، شروط محدودکننده و ساقط کننده مسئولیت در قراردادها، چاپ سوم، شرکت انتشار، سال1390.
-           حسین‌آبادی، امیر، «تعادل اقتصادی در قراردادها (تعادل قضایی)، تحقیقات حقوقی»، شماره 21 و 22، 1377-1376.
-           صفایی، سیدحسین، دورة مقدماتی حقوق مدنی: قواعد عمومی قراردادها، جلد دوم، چاپ اول، نشر میزان، 1382.
-           شهیدی، مهدی؛ و علیرضا باریکلو، «قرارداد عدم تجارت»، نامه مفید، شماره 29، بهار 1381.
-           کاتوزیان، ناصر، قواعد عمومی قراردادها، جلد اول، چاپ هفتم، شرکت سهامی انتشار، سال1385.
-           ________، مسئولیت ناشی از عیب تولید، مؤسسه چاپ و انتشارات دانشگاه تهران، 1384.
-           ________، حقوق مدنی، الزام‌های خارج از قرارداد (ضمان قهری) انتشارات دانشگاه تهران، 1386.
-           ________، «تفسیر قرارداد»، مجله دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، شماره70، زمستان 1384.
-           یزدانیان، علیرضا، «تعدیل تعهدات قراردادی بر پایه اصول و قواعد حاکم بر فقه اسلامی»، مقالات و بررسی‌ها، شماره 82، 1385.
 
-       Angelo, A;& E. Pellinger, "Unconscionable Contracts: A Compparative Study of The Approaches in England France, Germany and the United States", Loyola of Los Angeles International and Comparative Law Review, Vol. 7, 1992.
-       Dimmateo, Larry. A., "Equity’s Modification of Contract: an Analysis of the Twentieth Century’s Equitable Reformation of Contract Law", New England Law Review, Vol. 31, 1998-1999.
-       Harris, Donald; & Denis Talon, Contract Law Today: Anglo-French Comparisons, Clarendom Press, 1989.
-       Kenny, Mel- Devenney; Fox, James; & Lorna O'Mahony, Unconscionability in European Private Financial Transactions: Protecting the Vulnerable, Cambridge University Press, 2010.
-        March , P.D.V, Comparative Contract Law، England, France, Germany, Gover Publication, 1993.
-       Marella, Maria Rosaria, "The Old and the New Limits to Freedom of Contract in Europe", European Review of Contract Law, Vol. 2, Issue 2, 2006.
-       Nebbia, Paoliza, Unfair Contract Terms in European Law: a Study in Comparative and EC Law, Hart Publishing, Oxford and Portland, Oregon, 2007.
-       Pieck, Manfred, "A Study of The Significant Aspects of German Contract Law", Annual Survey of International & Comparative Law, Vol. 3, Issue 1, 2010.
-       Schäfer, Hans-Bernd; & Patrick Leyens ,Judicial Control of Standard Terms and European Private Law & Economics Perspective on The Draft Common Frame, University of Hamburg, Institute of Law and Economics, Faculty of Law; Max Planck Institute for Comparative and International Private Law, 2009.
-       Wolcher, Louis E., "The Privilege of Idleness: A Case Study of Capitalism and the Common Law in Nineteenth Century America", The American Journal of Legal History, Vol. 36, No. 3, 1992.
-       Yongs, Raymond, English, French and German Comparative Law, Cavendish Publishing Limited, London, 1998.
-       Zimmerman, Reinhard; & Simon Whittaker, Good Faith in European Contract Law, Cambriage University Press, 2000.