Criminal Law
Baqer Shamloo; aref khalili paji
Abstract
In today's world, technology is progressing at a great speed. Criminals are well aware of this new opportunity and take advantage of them to reach their goals. In addition to the creation of new crime tools, information and communication technology itself has also been a source of new crime, which with ...
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In today's world, technology is progressing at a great speed. Criminals are well aware of this new opportunity and take advantage of them to reach their goals. In addition to the creation of new crime tools, information and communication technology itself has also been a source of new crime, which with the expansion of the criminal environment beyond the geographical boundaries of a country, the process of globalization has accelerated the progress of this crime. The invention of virtual currencies has accelerated the process in its own way. Virtual currencies that claim to be in line with conventional currencies, are trying to break the traditional taboos of production and distribution of money by governments and provide an informal currency with user-generated capabilities. This has led to the transformation of some of the traditional criminological concepts. White-collar delinquency is one of those concepts that has evolved with the expansion of virtual space and its specific tools, as some Scholars refer to as "virtual collar crimes." After examining the dimensions of virtual white-collar crimes, this study analyzes the tendency of virtual criminals to use virtual currencies in committing delinquency according to some criminal cases.
Philosophy of Law
ahmad khosravi; Hamed noruzi
Abstract
following by the government of the “principle of the rule of law” and definition of the rights, freedoms and duties of the people, it requires that in order to be aware of these rights and duties, the laws should be made available to the public through publication. but the mere publication ...
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following by the government of the “principle of the rule of law” and definition of the rights, freedoms and duties of the people, it requires that in order to be aware of these rights and duties, the laws should be made available to the public through publication. but the mere publication of the law is not enough to be aware of rights and duties. so it is also necessary that the content of the law must be understood by the people. The present study revolves around the central question of: Although the language of the law must be technical, how should it be formulated so that it can be understood by the people while accurately conveying the purpose of the legislature? The research approach is descriptive-analytical and library method was used to collect the research data. Upon examination, it became clear that the ambiguity factors in the law were divided into linguistic and non-linguistic ambiguity factors. Linguistic factors are the writing factors that are required in all texts, especially legal texts; non-linguistic factors include such as the multiplicity of legislative authorities, sporadic legislation, and so on. Finally, given the philosophy of law, which is the creation of rights and obligations for individuals in society, laws need to be expressed in a language that the general public can understand, although the use of standard language and simplification should not go so far as to Affect the accuracy of expression of laws and provide tools for legal abuses
Criminal Law
ali rezanezhad; Mohammad Mohseni dehkalany
Abstract
One of the issues that has been included in the Islamic Penal Code in 2013 with the opinion of the Guardian Council is the issue of Religious Ta'zir. Religious Ta'zir have many ambiguities and questions Because its nature and examples have not been explained by the legislator. One of the questions is: ...
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One of the issues that has been included in the Islamic Penal Code in 2013 with the opinion of the Guardian Council is the issue of Religious Ta'zir. Religious Ta'zir have many ambiguities and questions Because its nature and examples have not been explained by the legislator. One of the questions is: Are the punishments prescribed in the Shari'a for the Religious Ta'zir a Shari'a decree or a governmental decree? or does the rule that says: in ta'zir, as the ruler deems it appropriate, include the Religious Ta'zir? This article wants to answer this question analytically and descriptively. Looking at the jurisprudential standards, it seems - against the opinion of the legislator- the rule that says: in ta'zir, as the ruler deems it appropriate, include the Religious Ta'zir. so the penalties imposed are government decrees. Because it is a general rule and the characteristics of a government decree are consistent with the rule and the words of the jurists and the words of the narrators are different.
Mohammadjafar Habibzadeh; Mahmood Saber; Hossien Samie
Abstract
The demands of today's world and the Commitment of dangerous and harmful crimes by legal entities and the need for appropriate compensation for victims of damage and judicial -criminological considerations, have convinced legal systems such to accept criminal responsibility of legal entities. ...
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The demands of today's world and the Commitment of dangerous and harmful crimes by legal entities and the need for appropriate compensation for victims of damage and judicial -criminological considerations, have convinced legal systems such to accept criminal responsibility of legal entities. It is clear for credit institutions including banks, as well as other legal entities under certain conditions, to be eligible for criminal responsibility. But accepting criminal liability for credit institutions as legal entities, is accompanied by this fundamental question: what are the conditions and criteria for assigning criminal liability to credit institutions as legal entities? Representing approach as a criteria for attributing criminal liability to credit institutions as legal entities, is approved by the Iranian legislature in Article 143 of the Islamic Penal Code, but due to flaws in this theory, including the difficulty of identifying responsible individuals and complicated structure of credit institutions, accepting of corporate responsibility theory is consistent with the basics of Identifying of criminal liability for credit institutions as legal entities and the principles of justice and fairness. At the same time, imposing criminal liability on the banks and credit institutions, requires that the legal representative of bank or credit union, "the" or "in the interests" of the bank or credit union as a legal person, commits a crime. The concept of legal representative of Credit Institutions, realization time of legal personality of governmental and non-governmental Credit Institutions, the Conditions of criminal liability realization, have ambiguities that critical analysis of them, is concerned with this article.
Business Law
Mohammad-Ali Bahmaei; Mohammad-Reza Narimani Zamanabadi
Abstract
Shareholders’ claims for reflective loss, also called indirect claims, are a certain type of shareholder lawsuit in corporate law. Reflective losses are those damages incurred by shareholders of a company in the form of devaluation of their shares resulting from losses sustained by the corporate ...
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Shareholders’ claims for reflective loss, also called indirect claims, are a certain type of shareholder lawsuit in corporate law. Reflective losses are those damages incurred by shareholders of a company in the form of devaluation of their shares resulting from losses sustained by the corporate entity. Whether a shareholder is allowed to seek compensation for such devaluation by bringing direct action against the wrongdoer is the main question this paper addresses. The article attempts to answer the question in light of corporate law and civil liability principles. In doing so, reflective loss claims are analyzed after a brief review of other types of shareholders’ claims and by reference to common law and civil law jurisprudence. The article also examines the feasibility of such claims under Iranian law. The article also reviews the UK Supreme Court’s decision in Sevilleja dated 15 July 2020 as the latest judicial development concerning reflective loss. The article concludes that these damages are barred under major legal systems and also under Iranian law.
Private Law
seyede motahare hosseyni; Leila sadat Asadi; seyed mohsen fattahi
Abstract
There are three approaches regarding the divorce types on behalf of the wife as husband's advocacy (derived from Article26 of the Family Protection Law 2013): "uncontested divorce theory" where a certificate of compromise impossibility is issued, "contested divorce theory" at the wife's request; where ...
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There are three approaches regarding the divorce types on behalf of the wife as husband's advocacy (derived from Article26 of the Family Protection Law 2013): "uncontested divorce theory" where a certificate of compromise impossibility is issued, "contested divorce theory" at the wife's request; where the divorce decree is issued and "the two-step theory of such divorce process". The different effects resulting from the acceptance of each of these approaches on the rights of each couples in the judicial process and implementing stage of divorce, confirm the necessity of investigating the issue.This descriptive-analytical study was conducted by examining the advisory theories of the Judiciary Law Department and using the votes issued by the family courts and issues discussed in the judicial sessions; to answer this main question: "what is the divorce type on behalf of the wife as husband's advocacy and its effects". The results revealed that, Article26 of the aforementioned law, in terms of determining the divorce type (on husband's behalf) is ambiguous and therefore suggests a revised text. In addition it considers the best interpretation of the above article in being two-stage of wife divorce on husband's behalf: firstly, verification lawsuit for the power of attorney for the wife, and then a request to issue a certificate of compromise impossibility in the uncontested divorce form. This theory, which is more consistent with the provisions of Article 26, solves the problems faced by the other two theories, especially in terms of closed matters' validity in case of not executing the divorce decree within the deadline stipulated in Article34 of the Family Protection Law.
Hasan Haji Tabar Firozjaei
Public Law
Alireza Dabirnia
Abstract
AbstractOn the one hand, existence of any ambiguity in explaining the status of development program rules in Iranian legal system, may bring this assumption to mind that some of the acts of parliament have a dominant position in relation to other laws. This assumption is reinforced when the program rules ...
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AbstractOn the one hand, existence of any ambiguity in explaining the status of development program rules in Iranian legal system, may bring this assumption to mind that some of the acts of parliament have a dominant position in relation to other laws. This assumption is reinforced when the program rules is recognized as a supreme law in some procedures. In this situation, a legal issue arises; Privileged status under the constitution is not recognised but actually the hierarchy of laws in Iran's legal system, faced with a fundamental change. When the set of rules have a single unit in the Iranian legal system, how can recognized and extend the feature's constitution and its consequences to an ordinary law, even if parliament approve it under the program rules?On the other hand, it is possible when we determine the top position for program rules, certainly impose the specific format and limitation of legislative initiative to parliament. When a program rules impose to forces, It is possible that the most important duties of government institutions be affected by the program rules and some of the duties that explicitly stated in the constitution, run out priorities.
Private Law
mohsen Borhani; Arash Badkoubeh Hezaveh
Abstract
Causation is one of the most significant topics of law, if not the most important one. This article analyzes the validity of expert opinion in determining establishment of causation and peripheral issues of causation. Iranian courts routinely delegate the recognition of causation establishment to governmental ...
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Causation is one of the most significant topics of law, if not the most important one. This article analyzes the validity of expert opinion in determining establishment of causation and peripheral issues of causation. Iranian courts routinely delegate the recognition of causation establishment to governmental experts, regardless of whether there is any legal basis justifying such reference. This article answers the following inquiry: “According to Iranian law, in what cases, if any, courts can rely on expert opinion in determining whether Causation is established for purpose of imposing liability?” This article assumes that a criterion should be implemented/designed to recognize establishment of causation based on a customary standard. Although in certain cases, establishment of causation and in some peripheral issues related to the causation, namely recognition of material causes and amount of damages (in the cases of shared liability), expert opinion could be the sole basis for determinate establishment of causation.
Criminal Law
ERFAN BABAKHAN
Abstract
The phenomenon of terrorism is spreading throughout the world. It has been particularly prevalent since the beginning of the last quarter of the twentieth century. A comparative study of national and transnational criminal policy regarding the phenomenon of terrorism confirms that the dominant perspective ...
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The phenomenon of terrorism is spreading throughout the world. It has been particularly prevalent since the beginning of the last quarter of the twentieth century. A comparative study of national and transnational criminal policy regarding the phenomenon of terrorism confirms that the dominant perspective and the governing system of criminal policies in the world, whether national or transnational, are security-oriented and have antagonist policies: thus, terrorist criminals are described as "enemies of society", "dangerous criminals" and "non-rehabilitative" and are even at the forefront of dangerous criminals. Also, they are treated based on the punitive, dissuasive, and incapacitation criminal philosophy. But it seems that the antagonist criminal policy against terrorist offenders should be reversed to establish a restorative discourse with the aim of application of restorative responses. A response to terrorism crimes should not be limited to tough penal and zero-tolerance policies. In addition to these policies and measures, promoting reintegration and rehabilitation of the perpetrators for the purpose of preventing the recidivism seems to be important and necessary. The researcher tries to defend the theory of the "possibility of restoration of anti-terrorist criminal policy" with a descriptive-analytical approach and a focus on foreign law. He introduces this theory as a necessary strategy for the legislator. The author argues that policies derived from antagonist criminal law theory are promoters of terrorism and cannot and should not become the main strategy of counter-terrorism criminal policy. Rather, the appropriate criminal strategy for dealing with terrorist crimes is to design a combined criminal policy to use a combination of restorative and criminal measures, depending on the personality and status of the terrorist offenders. In this combined approach, in parallel, it is possible to apply restorative justice programs and punitive responses to terrorist offenses at the same time. And in case of failure of the restorative response and "despairing of restorative justice", the criminal process and the punitive response can be pursued.
Private Law
Ebrahim Rahbari; Hassan Lajmorak
Abstract
Sport publicity or image right is a right by which athlete finds exclusive right in exploiting his publicity, image, personality and identity and can grant others the permission to use them and on the other hand, prevent the unauthorized use of this right by others. Having regarded the approaches of ...
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Sport publicity or image right is a right by which athlete finds exclusive right in exploiting his publicity, image, personality and identity and can grant others the permission to use them and on the other hand, prevent the unauthorized use of this right by others. Having regarded the approaches of leading legal systems in such field, this article analyses the process of formation and recognition of this right for athletes and examines the reasons for its existence and its justifications and solutions against who infringe this legal right. In some legal systems, image right has been recognized as an independent right and commercial value attached to the identity of athletes, regarding some exceptions, is legally under protection. Registration of images as trademarks, exploiting the potentials of passing off actions and trade secrets system as well as dilutions actions, help athletes supporting their rights in such field. Although In Iranian law the existence of some obscure regulations beside some general rules such as the necessity of protection the rights relating to the personality and civil responsibilities may solve some problems but the results of this paper indicate the ambiguity and in efficiency of Iranian's existing regulations and legal literature regarding the effective protection of athletes' rights to their publicity and images, which necessitate employing the established rules in this domain in order to fill the gaps and correct the legal deficiencies.
Criminal Law
Mostafa Jafari; Hassan Alipour
Abstract
The municipality, as a prominent item of the public law legal person, sometimes on one hand violates the provisions of urban planning by granting licenses, causes the structure of high buildings and the stabilization of air pollution, and on the other hand, as one of the institutions that is obliged ...
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The municipality, as a prominent item of the public law legal person, sometimes on one hand violates the provisions of urban planning by granting licenses, causes the structure of high buildings and the stabilization of air pollution, and on the other hand, as one of the institutions that is obliged to prevent air pollution, with Failure to perform its legal duties will cause and intensify air pollution. Air pollution is one of the main causes of physical injuries (crimes) in Iran. The position of the municipality as a responsible and punishable perpetrator of air pollution crimes depends on establishing a longitudinal link between the conduct of the crime, criminal liability, and ultimately the penal punishment. The municipality, both as a representative and as an activity, shows its behavior in its act and omission form in the perpetration and causation figure in creating air pollution and for this reason, there is no difference between the behavior of a municipality as a legal entity and the behavior of a natural person. However, knowing the municipality as a criminal has two conditions: First, creating a reference relationship between crime and air pollution and then air pollution with municipal action. Second, the existence of elements of criminal responsibility of legal entities. In the absence of any of these two conditions, the behavior of the municipality has no responsibility. Using library sources and descriptive analytical method, this article has come to the conclusion that the criminal responsibility of the municipality for crimes caused by air pollution is possible with the sum of the two aforementioned conditions in Iran's criminal system. The judicial procedure should take a fundamental and innovative approach in order to hold the municipality responsible for its actions within the scope of the municipality's powers and duties.
abdolrasoul Dayani
Abstract
One of the most important questions concerning the remuneration of the advocates in a civil process is to know if the contribution in requisition or a claim by the attorney is prohibitedby Iranian law or not? It has one of the most involved problemes of several cases in the specialized disciplinary court ...
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One of the most important questions concerning the remuneration of the advocates in a civil process is to know if the contribution in requisition or a claim by the attorney is prohibitedby Iranian law or not? It has one of the most involved problemes of several cases in the specialized disciplinary court of advocates in Iran. Although in Iranian law this matter is prohibited, in the American law this contributionis completely legal and not prohibited. In contrast, in French law there are some restrictions to this procedure. This article comes to explaine that this restriction is useless and can induce the attorneys to commit the fraud or shortchange. In addition, it is neither against the Islamic law and Iranian civil law, nor the professionals’ ethics regulations of the advocates. By this reason the Iranian law must be modified toward real and transparent dispositions that can authorize the conclusion of the contracts named in USA by Pactum de quota litis between the attorneys and their clients. This article tends also to analyze a concerned case law.
International Law
Saeed haghani
Abstract
As any other legal discipline, conflict of laws follows a predetermined methodology. Two diverging methodologies have been applied in two sides of Atlantic. European countries follow a two-steps method, according to which the interested parties know or can find out ex ante the law applicable to their ...
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As any other legal discipline, conflict of laws follows a predetermined methodology. Two diverging methodologies have been applied in two sides of Atlantic. European countries follow a two-steps method, according to which the interested parties know or can find out ex ante the law applicable to their regal relation. Au contraire, the fashionable American method of governmental interest analysis does not let the parties know the applicable law unless a dispute is brought before the court in this regard. Iranian legislator since the first days of legislation followed the European a priori style. Nevertheless, the 2020 Draft Commercial Code includes an a posteriori provision on lex contractus. This abrupt paradigm shift would entail some problems not only for the contracting parties and judges, but also in connection with conflict of laws methodology itself. This paper takes archive research method in illustrating competing legal systems’ approaches. Then I focus on Draft Commercial Code with a future studies approach to evaluate the paradigm shift and probable problems caused by this Draft.
Philosophy of Law
Reza Pourmohammadi; Hosein simaei sarraf
Abstract
Simply speaking legislative history is the history with regard passage of a particular legislation. It includes: the government's statement of reasons for a bill and the legislative antecedents statutory provision under consideration; pre parliamentary materials relating to the or the statute in which ...
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Simply speaking legislative history is the history with regard passage of a particular legislation. It includes: the government's statement of reasons for a bill and the legislative antecedents statutory provision under consideration; pre parliamentary materials relating to the or the statute in which it is contained, such as reports of and commissions reviewing the existing law and recommending and; parliamentary materials such as the floor debates in the legislature. In our legal system, the validity of the legislative history in legal interpretation is somehow considered as unquestionable presupposition. Therefore, the institutions responsible for interpretation, including the Council of Guardian, feel committed to it. Despite the role of legislative history in legal interpretations, its nature, types and criteria are unclear and unresolved. In this article, I first provide a precise definition of legislative history and its types, and then try to convince you that any reference to legislative history in interpretations is misleading. For, first, there is no such thing as the intention of the legislature to make legislative history a means of collecting it; Secondly, assuming the existence of the intention of the legislator, such a thing is not accessible to the interpreter, and thirdly, assuming that it is accessible, the search of the intention of the legislator through the legislative history has no unconstitutional.
Ali Kazemzade
Seyed Alireza Mir Kamali; Mohammad Mehdi Hasani; Sahar Rajabi Fard
Abstract
Tourism is an unavoidable necessity in the international relationship and negligence to this matter would cause undesirable results. Islam has looked after the good effects of tourism thus various verses of the Holy Quran and authentic speeches from the holy imams has focused on the physical and spiritual ...
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Tourism is an unavoidable necessity in the international relationship and negligence to this matter would cause undesirable results. Islam has looked after the good effects of tourism thus various verses of the Holy Quran and authentic speeches from the holy imams has focused on the physical and spiritual faces of it through encouraging and commanding about going to travels and trips. Islamic jurisprudence had also determined proper rules for entrance and presence of the people of other religions by using the Quran and "Sunnah" with a look on the importance of this phenomenon. Many arguments about the presence of tourists of other religions can be presented. Whether the citizens of the other religions permitted to enter the Islamic country and inhabit in it or not? How can they transport across the Islamic country? After answering to these questions we should study the problem of their visit from holy places. In this essay, these issues had been argued in the format of three topics: "the entrance of the heathens to the Masjid-al-Haraam", "the inhabitations of heathens in Hijaz" and "the entrance of heathens to the mosques". Studying these principles and total items of their behavior in the Islamic countries is also one of the important parts of this article.
Mohammad Rezvani; Mazaher khajevand; Hamed Safaei Atashgah
Abstract
Semi-liberty is one of the main characteristics of the principle of punishment individualization and is one of the ways to support the part time liberty of the delinquent in order to reduce the jail population, however, emphasizing a permanent surveillance. On the one hand, this helps with the family ...
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Semi-liberty is one of the main characteristics of the principle of punishment individualization and is one of the ways to support the part time liberty of the delinquent in order to reduce the jail population, however, emphasizing a permanent surveillance. On the one hand, this helps with the family stability of a criminal and on the other fosters the gradual reform of the criminals. With the proliferation of the culture of law-orientation and presenting modern theories about penal philosophy by the experts in criminology in the twentieth century, jail is identified as a punishment and various law systems have tried to mitigate the negative consequences of jail by just using jails as a punishment for the criminal without hurting their families. The question author s focus on is what semi liberty is on the basis of crime justification? And where the system is situated in the criminal policy? Semi-liberty system is the system which can be studied from a deontological and utilitarian perspective with an emphasis on crime justification. In other words, penal codes of modern systems take advantage to punish and reform delinquents in a way that they have least distance from the society. Thus, in line with the penal codes of advanced countries, Iran's penal code system has allocated the seventh section of Islamic penal code to semi-liberty since 2014. According to the related literature, this paper is aimed at studying the semi-liberty system and different aspects of it within the penal policy of Iran.
Azam Mahdavipoor; Najmeh Shahrani
Abstract
Insecurity feelings caused by changes of the first decade of the third millennium in the world, became the preface for adoption unprecedented strict and repressive measures that was implemented in the light of the slogan of combating crime and call security. In this way, in the field of criminology we ...
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Insecurity feelings caused by changes of the first decade of the third millennium in the world, became the preface for adoption unprecedented strict and repressive measures that was implemented in the light of the slogan of combating crime and call security. In this way, in the field of criminology we see forming the new approaches in the twentieth century because of increasing of crimes that are of security in nature. New perspectives with the concerns of establishing security of lives and property of citizens and offer control-based and disabling thoughts of security based criminology provided the area to deviate of corrective approach of clinical criminology and focused on security and repressive approaches. This changing of approach influence the orientation of criminal law, in the way that establishing legal–judicial security is influenced by the physical and financial security of citizens and public order. In this way, it appears many effects on criminal law of different countries with the governance of security approaches of criminology and concepts such as public order and the security of society on individual rights and freedoms. The fair trial standards are ignored by Accepting security-based approach, while establishing stable security is not implemented through breaching of defendant’s rights. So, in the current study, the effects of the new approach on the criminal code and especially on the procedural law and fair trial standards were analyzed from a different and new perspective.
Private Law
Mahdi Hassanzadeh; Badie fathi
Abstract
The rules of jurisdiction are regulated based on primary and secondary provisions. In primary rules of jurisdiction, the general framework for determining competence criteria is presented but the application of these regulations alone cannot meet the purpose pursued by the rules of jurisdiction. Therefore, ...
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The rules of jurisdiction are regulated based on primary and secondary provisions. In primary rules of jurisdiction, the general framework for determining competence criteria is presented but the application of these regulations alone cannot meet the purpose pursued by the rules of jurisdiction. Therefore, by virtue of the application of these regulations, effective and appropriate competence will not be obtained; for this reason, secondary rules of jurisdiction play a critical role. Connectivity of claims is one of the secondary regulations of jurisdiction which will be affected by the relative jurisdiction and eventually lead to the development of the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court. In the French civil procedure, the relative jurisdiction of development is different from that of Iran. The focus of this research is that “What are the effects of connectivity of claims on relative jurisdiction in civil procedure of both Iran and France?”, “What are the exclusions of the primary jurisdiction rules”?
Private Law
Iraj Babaei; Morteza Torabi
Abstract
Human rights are traditionally discussed in public law and in government-citizen relations, but this does not mean denying its impact on private law. In contract law, principles such as the rule of will or freedom of contract are themselves in line with human rights principles, but are not sufficient ...
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Human rights are traditionally discussed in public law and in government-citizen relations, but this does not mean denying its impact on private law. In contract law, principles such as the rule of will or freedom of contract are themselves in line with human rights principles, but are not sufficient to fully protect fundamental human rights. For this purpose, it is necessary that other principles can be introduced as principles in line with traditional principles in contract law. The most basic principle of human rights is the principle of human dignity. The question is, to what extent and in what way can this principle be applied in contract law? Can fundamental rights derived from this human rights principle be revoked by a contract? In this article, with emphasis on various cases in the jurisprudence of some countries and the European Court of Human Rights, we have come to the conclusion that The principle of freedom, which includes important rights such as human dignity, the right to respect for family life, and the principle of non-discrimination, which encompasses various aspects, sometimes as a limiting factor of the will to prevent the infringement of a condition or contract contrary to them and sometimes fundamental rights arising from these principles. As general civil rights, they are also partially irrevocable or revocable. The research method has been library and by studying the judicial practice of countries and Iran.
Hassan Alipour; Mohammad Yekrangi
Abstract
Confronting with Cyber-crime has strong relationship with all preventative and non- preventative measures. A Non-preventive measure, that is related to criminal law, consists of criminalization, imposing liability and sentencing. The preventative measures, however, include social and technical measures ...
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Confronting with Cyber-crime has strong relationship with all preventative and non- preventative measures. A Non-preventive measure, that is related to criminal law, consists of criminalization, imposing liability and sentencing. The preventative measures, however, include social and technical measures that impose on the situation or potential criminals. All these measures should obey two fundamental rules: first, it should be compatible with norm of society and bring the security; second, should not in contradiction with individual liberties. Intense concentration of just the security, with pay attention to cyber-crime, will result in infringement of individual liberties and Sole considering the individual liberties, with pay more attention to cyber-criminal, will decrease the security. Neither security-approach nor liberty-approach is compatible with Constitution. This paper, try to reconciliation of these two approaches in the light of Constitution rights in confronting with the cyber-crime.
Public Law
Mohammad Hasanvand; mina akbari
Abstract
The high-standing status of the written law in Iran's legal system has been manifested as an obvious and unchangeable affair in the ideas of legal thinkers. However, in the field of administrative law, particularly the law of employment, causes such as politically affected legislative system and non-pursuit ...
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The high-standing status of the written law in Iran's legal system has been manifested as an obvious and unchangeable affair in the ideas of legal thinkers. However, in the field of administrative law, particularly the law of employment, causes such as politically affected legislative system and non-pursuit of scientific and specialized ideas as well as repeated alterations of administrative rules have triggered unstable, dispersive, contradictory and cumulative rules to appear in this field, leading to inefficiency of rules. Law has been weak to play its inherent role as a predictable, regulative and decisive source and has followed diversified procedures of administrative authorities and branches of the Administrative Court of Justice. Among the other things, judges of the Administrative Court of Justice as administrative justice for obligating their adjudication and resolution of cases, have this ability to deal with this inefficiency while acting as judge of the branch, and members of specialized bodies and public bodies. The present paper has aimed to prove the mentioned claim, firstly by describing and naming applications of such laws and secondly by analyzing rules and ideas of the Administrative Court of Justice. The inefficiency of the legislative system in this area and the issuance of judicial rulings in the Administrative Court of Justice have implicitly identified the customary role of judicial regulation for the Court of Administrative Justice and somewhat similar to the position of the Supreme Court in the common law system. It has also promoted the status of the judiciary as the main source in Iran's administrative law system, such as the customary law system. However, the law itself is the first source of Administrative Law in Iran's Legal system.
Business Law
Godarz Eftekhar Jahromi; Ahmad Heidari
Abstract
AbstractBalancing the relationship between The Full protection and Security Standard (FPS) and the public health is one of the oldest challenges within the body of the international investment laws; since the protection of public health, without regulating the host countries, leaves room for harm to ...
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AbstractBalancing the relationship between The Full protection and Security Standard (FPS) and the public health is one of the oldest challenges within the body of the international investment laws; since the protection of public health, without regulating the host countries, leaves room for harm to foreign investment, and the strict protection of foreign investment, can lead to the losing the public and fundamental interests of the host country.Therefore, within the current paper, there is an attempt to examine the legal system that overrules these concerns within the body of the international investment laws.The question which remains is how can host countries maintain their public health whithout breach of the Full Protection and Security Standard, and Creating their international responsibilities.This study shows that, the international investment laws do not take a clear stance when it comes to regulating the relationship between public health, and the implementation of (FPS), and that they are in fact in some cases paradoxical and disorganize .For example, although the fight against Covid-19, as an example of public health through quarantine, restrictions and bans, Recognizes the right of sovereignty of the host country, it may also have an international responsibility for them.
Azizallah Fahimi; Mohammadreza Zand Vakili
Abstract
One of the complex issues in prove claims of evidences to Islamic law and statute law is in principle conflict or appearance and this complexity, Has various causes that one of those is differences in Examples of principle conflict with appearance or appearance with conflict. If appearance of the ...
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One of the complex issues in prove claims of evidences to Islamic law and statute law is in principle conflict or appearance and this complexity, Has various causes that one of those is differences in Examples of principle conflict with appearance or appearance with conflict. If appearance of the evidence known and appointed census being from lawgiver, there is no doubt in priority of appearance with principle, such as Unit News, confession and testified and like these. But there is some disagreement between jurists and lawyers in principle priority or appearance, if the appearance is understood through indications, customs and habit, dominance and prevalence and the like. Most jurists in conflict of principle and appearance, believe that the appearance is prior to the principle. Notwithstanding, the examples can be found that principle is prior to appearance. The cause is that many jurists merely rely on the appearance attested by the legislator. In this paper, the priority of the principle with the appearance is resulted, while studying the examples of the principle and appearance conflict.
