تحریم اشخاص حقیقی از منظر حقوق بین‌الملل با تأکید بر تحریم برخی اتباع ایرانی

نوع مقاله: پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استادیار گروه حقوق بین‌الملل دانشگاه قم

2 دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد حقوق بین‌الملل دانشگاه قم

چکیده

تحریم به عنوان ساز وکاری در روابط بین‌الملل برای الزام دولت متخلف به رعایت تعهدات بین‌المللی‌اش پیش‌بینی شده است. تحریم که از منظر حقوق بین‌الملل نوعی اقدام متقابل محسوب می‌شود تا پیش از این صرفاً علیه دولت‌ در تمامیت آن اعمال می‌شده است. ظهور تروریسم بین‌المللی و‌ایراداتی که متوجه تحریم‌های سنتی بود موجب گشت تا نسل جدیدی از تحریم‌های بین‌المللی معروف به تحریم هوشمند پدیدار گردد. در یکی از اشکال این نوع تحریم تنها بازیگران غیردولتی که مسؤول اصلی تخلفات بین‌المللی هستند مورد تحریم قرار می‌گیرند. یکی از اشکال تحریم هوشمند تحریم اشخاص حقیقی است که مسائل نوینی را با خود مطرح کرده است. هرچند این تحریم‌ها به دلیل تخلفات بین‌المللی برخی اشخاص اعمال می‌گردد، اما خود می‌تواند با نقض برخی از اصول حقوق بین‌الملل همراه باشد. تحریم برخی اتباع ایرانی که در سال‌های اخیر به استناد فعالیت در برنامه‌های هسته‌ای، موشک‌های بالستیک و نقض حقوق بشر اعمال شده است، می‌تواند با اصولی چون اصل مصونیت اموال دولتی، اصل مصونیت دیپلماتیک و کنسولی، تعهدات دولت میزبان طبق موافقتنامه مقر، حق بر رفت و آمد، حق بر مالکیت خصوصی و حق بر دسترسی به عدالت در تعارض باشد. رویه قضایی ملی و منطقه‌ای نشان داده است که این اصول می‌تواند موجب بی‌اعتباری قطعنامه‌های شورای امنیت و یا مصادیق مورد نظر کمیته تحریم شورای امنیت شود

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Individuals Sanctions in public international law: sanctions on some Iranian nationals

نویسندگان [English]

  • Seyed Yaser ziaee 1
  • Alireza Mohammadi Motlagh 2
چکیده [English]

Sanction as a mechanism to force states to comply with their international obligation has been used since many years ago. Sanction is a kind of countermeasure which had been used against states before issuing on individuals. Emerging of international terrorism and rising criticisms about traditional sanctions caused to founding a new generation of sanctions which is called Smart sanction. In a form of smart sanction the nongovernmental actors, who are violating international norms, are sanctioned. A form of smart sanction is individual sanction, which has raised so many new debates. Although this kind of sanction is issued because of violating international norms by targeted people, it would be against international principles. Using of these sanctions indiscriminately and ignorantly for its aftermath is against of the doctrine of smart sanction. Listing some Iranian nationals due to their relation with Iran’s nuclear program, ballistic missiles and violating human rights, would be contravention of international law and fundamental principles such as: immunity of state property,  impunity of diplomats and councils, and obligation of host country due to headquarter agreements with international organizations, and  some fundamental human rights such as: right to movement, right to ownership, right to access to fair preceding( right to justice). The internal and international preceding have marinated that violating this principles could be a cause to void of Security Council resolutions and to end multi and unilateral individual sanctions. Violating these principles could raise the claim of targeting state and international organization responsibility and pay damage to targeted people.   

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • international Sanction
  • Smart Sanction
  • individual sanction
  • Iranian nationals

مراجع

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مجله حقوقی دادگستری

دوره 78، شماره 88
زمستان 1393
صفحه 15-186

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سابقه مقاله

  • تاریخ دریافت: 05 اسفند 1393
  • تاریخ پذیرش: 05 اسفند 1393

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