Philosophy of Law
Reza Pourmohammadi; Hosein simaei sarraf
Abstract
Simply speaking legislative history is the history with regard passage of a particular legislation. It includes: the government's statement of reasons for a bill and the legislative antecedents statutory provision under consideration; pre parliamentary materials relating to the or the statute in which ...
Read More
Simply speaking legislative history is the history with regard passage of a particular legislation. It includes: the government's statement of reasons for a bill and the legislative antecedents statutory provision under consideration; pre parliamentary materials relating to the or the statute in which it is contained, such as reports of and commissions reviewing the existing law and recommending and; parliamentary materials such as the floor debates in the legislature. In our legal system, the validity of the legislative history in legal interpretation is somehow considered as unquestionable presupposition. Therefore, the institutions responsible for interpretation, including the Council of Guardian, feel committed to it. Despite the role of legislative history in legal interpretations, its nature, types and criteria are unclear and unresolved. In this article, I first provide a precise definition of legislative history and its types, and then try to convince you that any reference to legislative history in interpretations is misleading. For, first, there is no such thing as the intention of the legislature to make legislative history a means of collecting it; Secondly, assuming the existence of the intention of the legislator, such a thing is not accessible to the interpreter, and thirdly, assuming that it is accessible, the search of the intention of the legislator through the legislative history has no unconstitutional.
Philosophy of Law
Seyed Hoseini; firouz mahmoudi; Batool Pakzad
Abstract
AbstractThe concept of "right" has always been discussable and controversial during the time. Therefore the nature and existence of the "right not to be punished" are often discussed as challengeable issues among philosophers. The discussion has become more serious between proponents and opponents of ...
Read More
AbstractThe concept of "right" has always been discussable and controversial during the time. Therefore the nature and existence of the "right not to be punished" are often discussed as challengeable issues among philosophers. The discussion has become more serious between proponents and opponents of the aforementioned right especially in the last few decades. Through a descriptive-analytical method (library study), this article, while studying the nature of the right not to be punished, from the perspective of both natural and positivist (positive) approaches, examines the existence or non-existence of this right in the perspective of its proponents and opponents. Our research found that the “right not to be punished” is as the type of “conditional negative claim-right” that the proponents of natural rights, justifies its existence. while positivists do not believe such a right. Even they are talking about “the right to be punished” and the government,s duty to punish criminals. of course, the number of philosophers who agree with the “right not to be punished” and the reasons for their justification is less than the number of philosophers who oppose it; But these same justifiable reasons (the proponents) are more in line with the approach of natural law, moral theories of punishment, human dignity and the principle of criminal law as last and least resort. Generally, “the right not to be punished” does not mean never to be punished, but to impose a corrective, dignified, minimal and, necessary punishment on the offender.
Philosophy of Law
Mahdi Samaei; Mohammad Jfar Habibzadeh
Abstract
Two categories of the judicial role in political society can be separated: the activist judge and the self-restrained judge. The activist judge utilizes the judicial office to realize social ideals such as protecting people's rights and social justice. On the other hand, the self-restrained judge tries ...
Read More
Two categories of the judicial role in political society can be separated: the activist judge and the self-restrained judge. The activist judge utilizes the judicial office to realize social ideals such as protecting people's rights and social justice. On the other hand, the self-restrained judge tries as much as possible to apply the law with a textual approach and avoids activism. The article provides a theoretical framework for understanding judicial activism. Judicial activism has significant risks and may harm legal values such as the rule of law, separation of powers, and democracy. Despite all this, the article argues that we can talk about legitimate judicial activism under certain conditions. So we must think about the activism's direction and political context. The article shows that it is justified for judges to resist the "lawmaker's war against the rule of law" and actively protect people's rights against the encroachments of the ruling system..
Philosophy of Law
Sadegh Shamshiri
Abstract
There exist numerous theories regarding the decision-making process of a judge. Many legal experts believe that the judgment process is a fully conscious one. The judge consciously evaluates the issue and decides based on pure logic. On the other hand, some consider judgment an intuitive process influenced ...
Read More
There exist numerous theories regarding the decision-making process of a judge. Many legal experts believe that the judgment process is a fully conscious one. The judge consciously evaluates the issue and decides based on pure logic. On the other hand, some consider judgment an intuitive process influenced by factors other than law. In practice, however, the examples are such that they can confirm the opinion of both sides. In other words, the judge sometimes makes logical and sometimes intuitive decisions. A dynamic can be seen in judgment, which this article seeks to explain with a descriptive-analytical method based on the findings of psychoanalysis. The goal is to offer practical solutions to enhance decision-making based on the information presented. According to psychoanalysis, if a judge's emotional experiences and unconscious thoughts are somehow related to the case at hand, their judgment may be based more on intuition. That is, the judge makes his decision and then looks for logical reasons and justifications to explain it. From this point of view, emotional experiences are a decisive component in the dynamics of judgment. However, the judge only sometimes decides based on the solution that comes to his mind. He typically assesses decisions based on his moral implications. He will issue a judgment if the decision aligns with his moral code. Therefore, the moral factor is another component in the dynamics of judgment. This moral factor also largely depends on the judge's cultural context and personal experiences. Based on the presented materials, it is suggested that instead of asking the judge to be impartial in his mind, we should ask him to observe the procedures and practices of impartiality. To minimize the influence of emotions on the judgment, the judges should postpone their decision for a few days instead of making an immediate one.
Philosophy of Law
Reza Pourmohammadi; Mohammad Mahdi Yousefi
Abstract
Although the focus of judicial decisions is on laws and evidence, other factors also play crucial roles. Judges' gender is one such factor hypothetically influencing judicial decision-making. The present study seeks to determine whether, based on statistical and empirical evidence, a correspondence can ...
Read More
Although the focus of judicial decisions is on laws and evidence, other factors also play crucial roles. Judges' gender is one such factor hypothetically influencing judicial decision-making. The present study seeks to determine whether, based on statistical and empirical evidence, a correspondence can be detected between the judges’ gender and their judicial decision-making. Using the descriptive-analytical method, the present study tries, first, to achieve a coherent understanding of this issue by analyzing the research already carried out on the judges' gender and, in the next step, to provide solutions to control –or at least minimize- the unconscious impact of gender on decision-making. The solutions presented in this research fall into two categories: personal strategies and structural strategies. In the first category, we try to provide recommendations to strengthen cognitive powers, while in the second, we will suggest ways to minimize the impact of judges' gender by structurally reforming the judiciary system
Criminal Law
Mahdi Samaei; Mohammad Jfar Habibzadeh; Rahim Nobahar
Abstract
Judges have both considerable power and discretion in exercising it. Given the power and discretion, the personality of the judge is essential. Especially in hard cases, the "who is the judge" is no less important than the "what is the law". If the law is in the hands of a virtuous judge, it is more ...
Read More
Judges have both considerable power and discretion in exercising it. Given the power and discretion, the personality of the judge is essential. Especially in hard cases, the "who is the judge" is no less important than the "what is the law". If the law is in the hands of a virtuous judge, it is more likely that his judicial power and discretion will lead to justice and fairness. Therefore the virtue approach to judicial judgment is important. The most important judicial virtues are: lawfulness, legal intelligence, judicial wisdom, courage, temperance, impartiality, independence, incorruptibility, judicial skill, justice, and compassion. An essential advantage of the virtue approach to judicial judgment is that it is compatible with the Islamic jurisprudential tradition. Thus, a rich dialogue can be established between modern virtue theory and the Islamic jurisprudential tradition. In the present article, while outlining the theoretical foundations, the application of the virtue approach in "judicial selection" is examined.
Philosophy of Law
Masaud Amasi; Ahmad Vaezi
Abstract
The modern legal system in Iran has always been influenced by the textualism movement and legal formalism. The interactive resultant of these two currents has led to a kind of legal positivism in the Iranian judicial system, according which judges must present their judgment with formal judicial logic ...
Read More
The modern legal system in Iran has always been influenced by the textualism movement and legal formalism. The interactive resultant of these two currents has led to a kind of legal positivism in the Iranian judicial system, according which judges must present their judgment with formal judicial logic and within the framework of legal textualism. These assumptions lead us to the main question of this article, which is the nature of legal textualism and legal formalism and how they affect the rule of legal positivism in the Iranian judiciary System. In this article, we will first use a descriptive method to discuss the concept of legal textualism and legal formalism and legal positivism in order to be able to analyze the rule of paradigm based on these concepts on the Iranian judicial system and its consequences. The findings of this study will reveal that the rigid approach to law and the method of judicial inference is not always in line with legal ideals and justice. The other findings of this study will reveal interactive resultant of the textualism movement and legal formalism in the Iranian judicial system is the rule of kind legal positivism, which has confused the ontological, epistemological and anthropological foundations of legal systems based on the principles of modernity with the Islamic legal system in several principles of the constitution and ordinary laws.
Private Law
Hassan Badini; mojtaba baneshi
Abstract
Currently members transplantation is one of the important ways to treat diseases. According to basic beliefs, The body is only a respectable collection of mysterious nature, But with scientific advances, Human comprehended the importance of the body and its members for use in medical research and medical ...
Read More
Currently members transplantation is one of the important ways to treat diseases. According to basic beliefs, The body is only a respectable collection of mysterious nature, But with scientific advances, Human comprehended the importance of the body and its members for use in medical research and medical applications. Hence the identification of the right of possession for man, In order to prevent the body from being wasted, The main motivation of the theorists In the field of studies, it is about the relationship between man and his body. But talk about human ownership on his body , It has always been associated with ethical, religious and cultural challenges. From this point of view, Theories such as” labur Theory”, Has been raised in Western law. Along with the theory body for body,whith aim of solving problems and compensate the lack of labur theory would be render for the first time. according to body for body theory ,Use of the human body, is an essential component of research in the field of health. And this necessity is completely new and the lack of a historical record of the acquisition of man in his body, Cannot ignore such right. Because the basis of human knowledge changes over generation. So there is no infinite logic and what did not need yesterday, Can be needed today.Research methodology: this research in terms of purpose is functional and in terms of type is qualitative and in terms of how to collect is librarian, and is based on on-line sourses.
Criminal Law
SayedHamid Hoseyni; Firouz Mahmoudi Janaki
Abstract
he mental disposition of individualism and natural law advocates is the main trough of the "right not to be punished". This right is an innovative and great disputable issue among the law philosophers of Criminal Law. Multidimensionality and ambiguity of "right" and "punishment" have caused a wider area ...
Read More
he mental disposition of individualism and natural law advocates is the main trough of the "right not to be punished". This right is an innovative and great disputable issue among the law philosophers of Criminal Law. Multidimensionality and ambiguity of "right" and "punishment" have caused a wider area of the aforementioned challenge. This article presents the meaning of the "right to not be punished" besides doing some studies on its main philosophical and criminological foundations through the descriptive-analytic method. The findings of the study indicate that the "right to not be punished" is in the category of a priori, natural and fundamental human rights and is of the type of "conditional negative claim-right". Human dignity, philosophical principles of avoiding harm and harassment as philosophical theories of pressure, radical (critical) and labelling are among the criminological foundations of the formation of this right, which has made its philosophical underpinnings more understandable and acceptable by referring to other researches in social sciences. It is obvious that paying attention to the concept and foundations of the aforesaid right, results in reasonable saving on both criminalization and sentencing in criminal law.
Philosophy of Law
ahmad khosravi; Hamed noruzi
Abstract
following by the government of the “principle of the rule of law” and definition of the rights, freedoms and duties of the people, it requires that in order to be aware of these rights and duties, the laws should be made available to the public through publication. but the mere publication ...
Read More
following by the government of the “principle of the rule of law” and definition of the rights, freedoms and duties of the people, it requires that in order to be aware of these rights and duties, the laws should be made available to the public through publication. but the mere publication of the law is not enough to be aware of rights and duties. so it is also necessary that the content of the law must be understood by the people. The present study revolves around the central question of: Although the language of the law must be technical, how should it be formulated so that it can be understood by the people while accurately conveying the purpose of the legislature? The research approach is descriptive-analytical and library method was used to collect the research data. Upon examination, it became clear that the ambiguity factors in the law were divided into linguistic and non-linguistic ambiguity factors. Linguistic factors are the writing factors that are required in all texts, especially legal texts; non-linguistic factors include such as the multiplicity of legislative authorities, sporadic legislation, and so on. Finally, given the philosophy of law, which is the creation of rights and obligations for individuals in society, laws need to be expressed in a language that the general public can understand, although the use of standard language and simplification should not go so far as to Affect the accuracy of expression of laws and provide tools for legal abuses
