Criminal Law
jalal din qiasi
Abstract
According to thin skull rule in common law accused must take his victim as he finds him. This accepted by Iran and common law legal system with respect to child, old and who suffers from physical and mental disorder so that their weakness is considered in the imputation of bodily harms to accused. It ...
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According to thin skull rule in common law accused must take his victim as he finds him. This accepted by Iran and common law legal system with respect to child, old and who suffers from physical and mental disorder so that their weakness is considered in the imputation of bodily harms to accused. It means that accused must consider his victim’s voluntarily and involuntarily reaction. This rule is accepted just about by two law systems in the scope of automatic physical act and psychological reactions of victim and even on the ground of necessity or duress. But in the case of the victim’s unreasonable voluntarily reactions resulted from his or her belief, the rule has been accepted in Blaue1975, nevertheless it was subsequently interpreted differently by lawyers. In Iran law according to Islamic jurisprudence and positive law the imputation of the result to the accused in this situation is doubtful and can not be accepted.
Criminal Law
Hossein Aghababaei
Abstract
In Iranian criminal law, in addition to criminalizing insults to persons, which are interpreted as simple insults In Iranian criminal law and have a private and forgivable aspect, there are several instances of insults with a general description of aggravated criminal insults. While they have more severe ...
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In Iranian criminal law, in addition to criminalizing insults to persons, which are interpreted as simple insults In Iranian criminal law and have a private and forgivable aspect, there are several instances of insults with a general description of aggravated criminal insults. While they have more severe punishments, their most important and common feature is that they have a public and unforgivable aspect, and because of this feature, regardless of the real victim's complaint, the public prosecutor, assuming he is aware of the crime or its report, is obliged to prosecute the offender and bring him to justice. According to Article 11 of the Law on Reduction of Imprisonment, approved in 2020, one of the cases of aggravated insult, i.e. insulting officials and employees while serving, is excluded from the category of unforgivable crimes and the general aspect of this crime has been removed. This legal change and the subsequent judicial procedure, from the perspective of structural coordination and efficiency of criminal policy regarding the crime of insulting the authorities, have created questions and challenges that have been addressed in this study through analytical and interpretive methods. In this study, by examining the challenges arising from the deprivation of the public aspect of the crime of insulting the authorities, it is proposed to amend the law or provide a favourable judicial interpretation to resolve the problems.
Criminal Law
Mostafa Jafari; Hassan Alipour
Abstract
The municipality, as a prominent item of the public law legal person, sometimes on one hand violates the provisions of urban planning by granting licenses, causes the structure of high buildings and the stabilization of air pollution, and on the other hand, as one of the institutions that is obliged ...
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The municipality, as a prominent item of the public law legal person, sometimes on one hand violates the provisions of urban planning by granting licenses, causes the structure of high buildings and the stabilization of air pollution, and on the other hand, as one of the institutions that is obliged to prevent air pollution, with Failure to perform its legal duties will cause and intensify air pollution. Air pollution is one of the main causes of physical injuries (crimes) in Iran. The position of the municipality as a responsible and punishable perpetrator of air pollution crimes depends on establishing a longitudinal link between the conduct of the crime, criminal liability, and ultimately the penal punishment. The municipality, both as a representative and as an activity, shows its behavior in its act and omission form in the perpetration and causation figure in creating air pollution and for this reason, there is no difference between the behavior of a municipality as a legal entity and the behavior of a natural person. However, knowing the municipality as a criminal has two conditions: First, creating a reference relationship between crime and air pollution and then air pollution with municipal action. Second, the existence of elements of criminal responsibility of legal entities. In the absence of any of these two conditions, the behavior of the municipality has no responsibility. Using library sources and descriptive analytical method, this article has come to the conclusion that the criminal responsibility of the municipality for crimes caused by air pollution is possible with the sum of the two aforementioned conditions in Iran's criminal system. The judicial procedure should take a fundamental and innovative approach in order to hold the municipality responsible for its actions within the scope of the municipality's powers and duties.
Criminal Law
afshin abdollahi
Abstract
In order for an act to be recognized as a crime, its necessary explicitly to be mentioned criminalization and punishment in a legal article so that the people's task is clear. However, sometimes the legislature uses criminal referral for certain reasons and to determine the punishment, refers to the ...
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In order for an act to be recognized as a crime, its necessary explicitly to be mentioned criminalization and punishment in a legal article so that the people's task is clear. However, sometimes the legislature uses criminal referral for certain reasons and to determine the punishment, refers to the punishment of another crime. This method of determining punishment, although in Ta’azirats, due to government requirements, it is somewhat acceptable, but in remittance to the punishment of Haad hesitates persons, that is the subject of this article. In this regard, this article with a descriptive-analytical method, has examined possibility of referraling some actions with the intention of overthrowing the regime or confronting the government to Haad punishment and in the end this result was achieved that criminal referral to Haad punishment is some extent against the grounds of criminalization of Haad crimes, criminal law principles and jurisprudential rules. Therefore, it is necessary, separately, the legislature should anticipate these acts in the form of Ta’azirats offenses.
Criminal Law
Rasool Ahmadzadeh; ahmad Rezaeepanah
Abstract
Currently, the change of agricultural lands is one of the important challenges of Iran's agricultural sector. Land use change annually removes a large part of agricultural land from the production cycle. The legislature has not yet adopted a consistent approach to deal with this crime, so that the 70s ...
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Currently, the change of agricultural lands is one of the important challenges of Iran's agricultural sector. Land use change annually removes a large part of agricultural land from the production cycle. The legislature has not yet adopted a consistent approach to deal with this crime, so that the 70s can be considered a period of deliberation and drawing, the 80s a period of change and regulation, and the 90s a period of weakening and destroying penal policy to preserve agricultural land use. And he knew the gardens.Land use change analysis and examining the strengths and weaknesses of legislation, along with paying attention to the proper judicial procedure, can reveal the existing challenges and gaps. In this article, I will analyze the elements of this offense and the possible interpretations of exceptions to land use change in an analytical manner. Then, according to the changes in the Islamic Penal Code adopted in 1392 in grading crimes and setting deadlines, we will answer the question of whether this action is considered a punishment or not by scrutinizing the nature of "tin and repression". According to the selected basis and subject, the writing method of this research is descriptive-analytical and library data has been used in data collection.
Criminal Law
Sayyed Hosein Ale Taha; Hosein Aghaei; aref bashiri
Abstract
There are fundamental questions and obvious differences between the jurists regarding the guarantee or non-guarantee against the death of the convict and the additional punishment imposed on her during the issuance or execution of the sentence: Well-known jurists have considered the loss of one's blood ...
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There are fundamental questions and obvious differences between the jurists regarding the guarantee or non-guarantee against the death of the convict and the additional punishment imposed on her during the issuance or execution of the sentence: Well-known jurists have considered the loss of one's blood to be based on the rule that "No Blood Money for the One Killed Due to Legal Punishment". Some jurists also citing some religious generalities, have believed to Lack of guarantees pent to Lack of extremes in Punishment and a few jurists, such as Sheikh Mufid, have distinguished between the rights of God and the rights of the people. This difference of opinion among scholars has also been transferred to the Islamic Penal Code, and there are contradictions in some legal articles that need to be examined. This article critiques each point of view in a descriptive-analytical way, along with their documentation and analysis of legal materials. The author's chosen opinion in substantiation of Guarantee for Punishment leading to the deprivation of life wherein permeate of wounds is not Arising from negligence. This claim is based on the priority of the evidence of the sanctity of the Muslim person's blood over other evidence, the generalities of the murder, and also agrees with the scholarly view of Khansari in one of her possibilities and It explicitly complies with Article 13 of the Islamic Penal Code and Note 185 of the Islamic Penal Code. According to the law, if deprive of life arising from Punishment is after warning of Judge enforcing the penalty, It removes the guarantee from him.
Criminal Law
Mahmod Espanlou; kiomars kalantarian
Abstract
Compensations for rape is considered to be the fundamental rights of the victims in the criminal justice process and has various legal aspects, like Sprinkle virginity (arsh al-bakāra) and stipulated dower (mahr al-mithl) as two most important examples. Studies on judicial procedure show that rape victims' ...
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Compensations for rape is considered to be the fundamental rights of the victims in the criminal justice process and has various legal aspects, like Sprinkle virginity (arsh al-bakāra) and stipulated dower (mahr al-mithl) as two most important examples. Studies on judicial procedure show that rape victims' claim (particularly in women case), due to the strict process in proving the claim, results in acquittal of defendant. Thus, using descriptive-analytical method, in this study we examine the possibility of victim's appeal for compensation after acquittal in Islamic criminal law and judicial procedure in cases that the defendant is acquitted. Also, various assumptions that courts have had in the case of compensation of rape have been examined and analyzed by presenting various courts' verdicts on this issue. By analyzing criminal law and procedure we found that in Iran's criminal justice procedure, the victim's deserve to receive compensation is not necessarily based on the conviction of the defendant, because in many cases in spite of the exculpation of defendants, courts have found the woman deserving the compensation e.g. Sprinkle virginity (arsh al-bakāra) and stipulated dower (mahr al-mithl). The courts have discriminated between the victim's consent on the case of a murder had punishment desired by the legislator and the victim's consent that they recognize the victim deserving the compensation. This paper describes the concept of real consent and pretending to consent and their characteristics from the jurisprudential and legal point of view, and proves the duality of these concepts, that makes it clear that not only acquittal of the rape charge does not mean that the victim deserves no compensation, but also in the cases that unreal consent is confirmed, the woman is entitled to damage.
Criminal Law
Behzad Razavifard
Volume 70, Issue 55 , June 2006, , Pages 39-74
Abstract
The fate of the Hodoud in the Time of the Twelfth Imam Absence has always been a concern among the recent and precedent Islamic Jurisprudents. From the theological standpoint, if one considers the Imam Absence an emergent situation, the Hodoud will not enforced and the Islamic Velayat of ...
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The fate of the Hodoud in the Time of the Twelfth Imam Absence has always been a concern among the recent and precedent Islamic Jurisprudents. From the theological standpoint, if one considers the Imam Absence an emergent situation, the Hodoud will not enforced and the Islamic Velayat of the Jurisprudents will obviated. If one regards the Absence as an expedient policy, however, the Hodoud could not be obviated. Therefore, some seemingly pursue the complete formation of the Islamic society as a part of the important governmental commands (a maximum perspective). Others intend to safeguard the society against the mischief and evils through supporting the enforcement of the punishments as well as considering the principle of social justice.
