Criminal Law
aref khalili paji; amin ahmadi
Abstract
Considering the technical and specialized complexities of the crime of Commodity and Currency Smuggling Crimes and the diversity of the behaviors that cause them, the need to pay attention to special criminal evidence, the importance of discovering and investigating these crimes, the method and process ...
Read More
Considering the technical and specialized complexities of the crime of Commodity and Currency Smuggling Crimes and the diversity of the behaviors that cause them, the need to pay attention to special criminal evidence, the importance of discovering and investigating these crimes, the method and process of handling and the need to restore damages to rights Government, criminal proceedings with a technical/specialist approach is an undeniable necessity and this is the differentiation of proceedings. Examining the legislative record in this area shows the determination of criminal policy makers to foresee special rules and take a step in the direction of differentiating proceedings, but the effects of this approach are scattered and dispersed in the past laws and regulations. It can be seen that with the approval of the law against smuggling of Commodity and currency, the differential approach of the legislator became more visible. In this framework, the rules related to the differentiation of Commodity and currency smuggling proceedings are categorized in three levels. first level; The rules governing the detection of crime, which shows its importance in the proceedings of smuggling of Commodity and currency, in such a way that a chapter of the law is dedicated to the provisions related to the detection of crime. second level; The rules are in charge of the preliminary investigations and proceedings, which have been paid attention to in line with the principle of specialized proceedings, and the third level; It supervises the rules governing the execution stage of the judgments, which are specifically provided for in the said law, taking into account the need to restore the damages caused to the government's rights.
Criminal Law
mohammad akbari; Javad Sadati; Abdolreza Javan Jafari Bojnordi
Abstract
Utilizing the criminal procedure principles requires the identification of conceptual and practical aspects of it so that justice can be ensured and the abuse of power by those in authority can be prevented. Criminal procedure principles, on par with other aspects of social life, have been affected by ...
Read More
Utilizing the criminal procedure principles requires the identification of conceptual and practical aspects of it so that justice can be ensured and the abuse of power by those in authority can be prevented. Criminal procedure principles, on par with other aspects of social life, have been affected by the reciprocity between liberty-oriented and security-oriented discourses. Hence, despite the importance of these principles and their prominence in criminal laws, the concept and instantiations of these principles remain ambiguous. Almost four decades have passed since the victory of the Islamic Revolution and in spite of the enactment of various laws, including the Criminal Procedure Code of 2013, a unified definition of these principles has not been provided. Various opinions and different judicial procedures in this area require a proper definition of the principles, along with the determination of their real instantiations. In this descriptive-analytical paper, a proper definition of procedure principles is presented, indicating that its classification into fundamental and non-fundamental categories is inaccurate and there should be one class of criminal procedure principles. Furthermore, considering the executive guarantees provided for the criminal procedure principles, and while enumerating their real instantiations, it is stated that the instances of these principles should be limited to cases that affect judicial proceedings, and not every provision can be considered as an instantiation of the aforementioned.
Criminal Law
hasanali moazenzadegan; Amir Hosein Abedi Neyestanak
Abstract
The subject of electronic criminal trial is the execution of proceedings from the discovery of a crime to the execution of a sentence if the accused commits a crime or the issuance of an acquittal through electronic and telecommunication systems. The goals of this type of trial are to speed up the proceedings ...
Read More
The subject of electronic criminal trial is the execution of proceedings from the discovery of a crime to the execution of a sentence if the accused commits a crime or the issuance of an acquittal through electronic and telecommunication systems. The goals of this type of trial are to speed up the proceedings in terms of its quality, to reduce the economic costs of the proceedings and the enforcement of sentences, and to achieve social distance in the event of an outbreak of the coronavirus to protect human lives.The issue of the present article is how to integrate the standards of fair trial in relation to the duties and powers of the interrogator during electronic investigations, while maintaining the confidentiality and privacy of individuals. The research method is descriptive-analytical using library resources and specialized websites.Findings of the paper in response to the challenges of this trial, such as violating the rights of the litigants through electronic notification, violation of the defendant's right to defense during interrogation and issuance of bail, indicate the possibility of interrogator actions through electronic and telecommunications systems in integrating litigation investigations are privacy and in accordance with due process. However, the parties face challenges during interrogation in terms of lack of provision and reform of electronic court infrastructure to ensure security and secure registration of data to maintain confidentiality and investigation by the interrogator and his supervision of judicial officers in police stations and offices of judicial services and lack of preparation of electronic signature. The Judiciary Statistics and Information Technology Center, with the help of the private sector, is responsible for ensuring the security of the electronic environment.
Private Law
Mohammad Sadegh Mahdavi Rad; Mahmoud Habibi; Ismail shahsavandi; Alireza MASHHADIZADEH
Abstract
Proceedings of retrial in criminal and civil cases are different, it means that in criminal matters only the convicted person, the prosecutor executing the sentence and the Attorney General of the country have the right to request the retrial proceedings in civil matters according to articles 426 to ...
Read More
Proceedings of retrial in criminal and civil cases are different, it means that in criminal matters only the convicted person, the prosecutor executing the sentence and the Attorney General of the country have the right to request the retrial proceedings in civil matters according to articles 426 to 441 of the Iranian Civil Procedure Law; First of all, the reasons for requesting re-trail are the reasons listed in Article 426. Secondly, according to Article 441, no one except the plantiffe and their successor can request a retrial. Thirdly, the request is limited by the deadline. Fourthly, unlike in criminal matters where the request is submitted to the court and the district court prescribes a retrial, in legal matters the retrial petition is submitted to the court that issued the final judgment and the court that issues an acceptance order and retail the proceedings. The legislator of Egypt has also recognized the retrial of proceedings in criminal matters in articles 441 to 457 of the Egyptian Criminal Procedure Law and considers the purpose of the retrial of proceedings in criminal matters to prevent the judge or the court from causing losses to the accused due to a mistake in issuing a sentence. Therefore, the request for retrial by the public prosecutor's office is requested by the convicted person and in the case of the death of the convicted person by the wife or one of the relatives of the deceased, the retrial in civil matters is considered by the Egyptian legislator from articles 241 to 247 of the civil procedure law, which is often with the prescribed directions
Criminal Law
ali amiri; Javadj Tahmasebi; Batool Pakzad
Abstract
In this article, "Application of the principle of equality in guaranteeing impartial criminal proceedings" has been researched by descriptive-analytical method. Examining the dimensions and angles of the principles of "equality" and "impartiality" set forth in Articles 2 and 3 of the Code of Criminal ...
Read More
In this article, "Application of the principle of equality in guaranteeing impartial criminal proceedings" has been researched by descriptive-analytical method. Examining the dimensions and angles of the principles of "equality" and "impartiality" set forth in Articles 2 and 3 of the Code of Criminal Procedure and explaining the commonalities and differences and explaining the role of these two rituals in evaluating the performance of judges and the legislator's guarantee policy, are among the objectives of this study. Although the emphasis on the implementation of the principle of equality in the constitution indicates the privileged position of this principle in the judicial security of the country, but, the findings of the study suggest that the legislature in implementing its criminal policy, has not used all the capabilities of this important in standardizing the behavior of judges and in the face of global conventions and the strategy of the unity of international law, it has not adopted a clear strategy. The result is that, today the capability and authority of the system has the ability to technically revise the laws in accordance with the fixed and changing principles of Islam and Jafari dynamic jurisprudence and in accordance with the requirements of the time, and declare its firm position on conflicting issues. By specifying the role of the psychological element in violations and stating the prohibition of violation of the principles of equality and impartiality in different stages of the trial along with appropriate punishments, the criterion of justification of judicial rulings should also be stated and prevented the accumulation and formation of cases subject to the provisions of Article 477 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.
Criminal Law
seyyed sajjad kazemi; hamed chegini
Abstract
According to Article 217 of the Criminal Procedure Code, one of the most important purposes of issuing criminal security contracts is to "guarantee the rights of the victim and compensate him / her for damages". However, according to the explicitness of Article 690 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, ...
Read More
According to Article 217 of the Criminal Procedure Code, one of the most important purposes of issuing criminal security contracts is to "guarantee the rights of the victim and compensate him / her for damages". However, according to the explicitness of Article 690 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, criminal security contracts for crimes of legal entities are limited to two, the use of which, unlike criminal security contracts of natural persons (Article 217), is not mandatory and "at the discretion" of the official. Judicial is assigned. In the present study, a descriptive-analytical method has been used, using library resources to critique and review criminal security agreements and judicial supervision of crimes of legal entities in order to guarantee the rights of victims. Legal appointments are not commensurate with the severity and extent of the crimes in which legal entities today engage and victimize large numbers of individuals, especially in the financial and economic spheres, and legislative reforms are in line with many countries. It provides for a variety of criminal security agreements for legal entities and has also allowed the use of other agreements, such as bail agreements. Also, in the field of judicial supervision, despite the legal ambiguity and of course against the opinion of some legal writers, it seems that some of the provisions of this contract can be used in relation to these persons in proportion to the crime committed by the legal person.
Criminal Law
Ruhollah Akrami; mojtaba yasini nasab
Abstract
One of the interlocutory orders is the criminal bail writ with various types specified in Article 217 of the Criminal Procedure Code. According to paragraphs “a” to “g” of this article, the investigating judge shall make an agreement with the accused, obliging him/her to attend ...
Read More
One of the interlocutory orders is the criminal bail writ with various types specified in Article 217 of the Criminal Procedure Code. According to paragraphs “a” to “g” of this article, the investigating judge shall make an agreement with the accused, obliging him/her to attend in or not to leave the designated place or to appear there periodically. Restricting an accused person who has not yet been proven guilty is against the Principle of Innocence, the Lack of Guardianship Principle (the principle that no person has any naturally vested power over any other person) and the Rule of Domination. Any violation of the mentioned principles requires a permit with special jurisprudential-legal titles, and their occurrence through orders for own recognizance (OR) release necessitates identifying their nature. To interpret the nature of these orders, theorists have put forward various doctrines such as indefinite contract, judicial action and non-contractual obligations. The existence of ambiguities in these doctrines led to the emergence of new possibilities such as declaration of damages, and compromise. The result of this desk-based descriptive-analytical study indicates that the orders for OR release are, by nature, the guardianship ordinance considering the hierarchy in the appointment of officials, and the penalty clause for them is ta'ziri (at the discretion of the judge), imposed by the Islamic ruler on the accused person who violates the ordinance.
Criminal Law
Sayyedyaser ziyaei chahgahi; alireza jamshidi; mohammad ashouri
Abstract
Differential proceeding has different aspects and objectives. Despite completing the general rules of criminal procedure and eliminating the insufficiencies, this model of criminal procedure may have some other objectives such as orbital security, increased punishment in some special cases, the consideration ...
Read More
Differential proceeding has different aspects and objectives. Despite completing the general rules of criminal procedure and eliminating the insufficiencies, this model of criminal procedure may have some other objectives such as orbital security, increased punishment in some special cases, the consideration of legal persons, the protection of human personality in the criminal process and effective confrontation with new forms and methods of committing a crime. The subject of this study is to analyze the necessities and principles in this field and to present specific criteria for investigating a legal person’s crimes in accordance with the analytical-descriptive method. Some of the necessities of this differentiation include the guarantee of rights of the parties of the case, the consideration of changes in committing crime practices, the prediction of appropriate tools for the criminal process, the structural differences of a legal person compared to a natural person, and the principle of equal weapons. considering the innocence principle and exceptional acceptance of the criminal responsibility of legal persons forms the important legislative basis for regulation in this type of procedure. A correct insight from criminal justice practitioners and other active practitioners of these principles plays an effective role in the interpretation of the law, fair trial achievement and the protection of the rights of individuals and society. The temporal and spatial unity of crime, a commonality in the charge between the legal representatives and the legal person and the similarity between the reference and the judicial authority is the common rules of this kind of proceeding. However, predicting the explanation of charges, particular criminal guarantee votes, derivative and exceptional criminal responsibility for legal persons, a different punishment regimen and the right to protest and an independent defence against judicial decisions and opinions are considered specific rules of a legal person’s proceedings.
Criminal Law
Mahdi Samaei; Mohammad Jfar Habibzadeh; Rahim Nobahar
Abstract
Judges have both considerable power and discretion in exercising it. Given the power and discretion, the personality of the judge is essential. Especially in hard cases, the "who is the judge" is no less important than the "what is the law". If the law is in the hands of a virtuous judge, it is more ...
Read More
Judges have both considerable power and discretion in exercising it. Given the power and discretion, the personality of the judge is essential. Especially in hard cases, the "who is the judge" is no less important than the "what is the law". If the law is in the hands of a virtuous judge, it is more likely that his judicial power and discretion will lead to justice and fairness. Therefore the virtue approach to judicial judgment is important. The most important judicial virtues are: lawfulness, legal intelligence, judicial wisdom, courage, temperance, impartiality, independence, incorruptibility, judicial skill, justice, and compassion. An essential advantage of the virtue approach to judicial judgment is that it is compatible with the Islamic jurisprudential tradition. Thus, a rich dialogue can be established between modern virtue theory and the Islamic jurisprudential tradition. In the present article, while outlining the theoretical foundations, the application of the virtue approach in "judicial selection" is examined.
Criminal Law
Mohammad Ali Alipour; SeyedDoraid Mousavi Mojab; Seyed Basem Mavalizadeh
Abstract
Penal trial is a process which starts from crime detection and ends in a criminal conviction. In this regard, the stages of prosecution and investigation has special importance in criminal hearing. The close relationship and, in some cases, the conjunction of some detective and prosecuting procedures ...
Read More
Penal trial is a process which starts from crime detection and ends in a criminal conviction. In this regard, the stages of prosecution and investigation has special importance in criminal hearing. The close relationship and, in some cases, the conjunction of some detective and prosecuting procedures with each other and their belonging to a prior stage of trial would in effect made their absolute separation and thus their complete independence so severe. Meanwhile discovering of the accused’s real conduct is the cornerstone of justice in respect to the other stages of judicial proceeding and hence the independence of the interrogator could be resulted in a fair trial. Comparatively studying of the independence of Interrogatory institution from that of Prosecution in both Iran and Lebanon, we may find that the principle of their independence has been recognized, though in Iran the Interrogatory authority which is placed amid the structure of Public prosecutor’s office and under the administration of the Attorney General has defected such independence that in several cases obliges the Interrogator to administratively serve under the attorney general’s authority. However, both-mentioned institutions are separated and independent in Lebanon and although the Interrogator has to acquire the Attorney General’s opinion in the process of investigation, but the ultimate decision would be independently issued by him and in case of conflict in their views the dispute would be referred to a distinct authority which may be called “Accusation Bureau” and as such the principle of independence is better guaranteed in Lebanese legal system.
Criminal Law
Mohammad Hadi Zakerhossein
Abstract
The International Criminal Court is unable to prosecute all international crimes that fall within its jurisdiction. The situation selection falls within the Prosecutor’s discretion that is done by conducting a preliminary examination. In this filtering process, three factors are taken into account, ...
Read More
The International Criminal Court is unable to prosecute all international crimes that fall within its jurisdiction. The situation selection falls within the Prosecutor’s discretion that is done by conducting a preliminary examination. In this filtering process, three factors are taken into account, namely jurisdiction, admissibility and the interests of justice. Nevertheless, the Prosecutor prefers to extend its discretion behind the preliminary examination stage. Accordingly, the Prosecutor selects a situation not only to initiate an investigation upon conducing a preliminary examination but also to open a preliminary examination in itself. This article argues that the Prosecutor’s discretion to open a preliminary examination is limited to consider the jurisdiction requirement in a narrow manner, namely to exclude those crimes that are manifestly outside of the Court’s jurisdiction. Due to the role of preliminary examinations in combating the culture of impunity, the Prosecutor shall not adopt a conservative approach to open a preliminary examination.
Criminal Law
ali bahadori jahromi; MohammadReza Alipoor
Abstract
Social behavior as a subject of law is one of the most important issues that has been affected by the emergence of new technologies. In recent years, legal technologies (LegalTech) have been tried to increase public access to justice. These technologies affect three categories of judicial proceedings, ...
Read More
Social behavior as a subject of law is one of the most important issues that has been affected by the emergence of new technologies. In recent years, legal technologies (LegalTech) have been tried to increase public access to justice. These technologies affect three categories of judicial proceedings, private legal services, and government regulatory actions. Develope LegalTechs, like any other legal phenomenon, requires programing in the direction and in accordance with the principles of the legal system. Inattention to the relevance of legal systems governing and the LegalTechs that used in judicial proceedings, causes similar experience for LegalTechs, like imported technologies that not only did not facilitate and strengthen the quality of previous practices, but worse and irreparable problems. Have also been accompanied. In this article , we have tried to achieve the requirements of the legal system of the Islamic Republic of Iran on the judicial proceedings' LegalTechs by examining the principles of fair trial by analytical-descriptive method.
Criminal Law
Amin Fallah; hasan hajitabar firozjaee
Abstract
The Code of Criminal Procedure adopted in 1392 with subsequent amendments and additions, except for crimes under the jurisdiction of the Judicial Organization of the Armed Forces, preliminary investigation of crimes of persons under 15 years of age under the jurisdiction of juvenile court and preliminary ...
Read More
The Code of Criminal Procedure adopted in 1392 with subsequent amendments and additions, except for crimes under the jurisdiction of the Judicial Organization of the Armed Forces, preliminary investigation of crimes of persons under 15 years of age under the jurisdiction of juvenile court and preliminary investigation of crimes of persons aged 15 to 18 years Shamsi, with the exception of crimes against chastity, has considered the 7th and 8th degree ta'zir crimes under the jurisdiction of a branch of the city's Public and Revolutionary Prosecutor's Office as the Special Juvenile Court. However, according to Article 315 of this law, crimes subject to the jurisdiction of the First Criminal Court, as well as the Revolution, in cases that are tried by multiple judges, if committed by adults under the age of 18, a special juvenile criminal court will try them. شد. However, this law is ambiguous in terms of competent authorities for conducting preliminary investigations and prosecuting crimes under Article 302 committed by minors and adults under 15 years of age. The authors, in this article, based on the legal standards and general principles of criminal law, come to this conclusion. It was concluded that in the case of persons under the age of fifteen, if the person is a minor, the preliminary investigation and trial of public crimes or revolution covered by Article 302 of this law will be carried out by the juvenile court, but if the perpetrator is under the age of 15, the reference Preliminary investigation and trial, the criminal court is a special case for juvenile delinquency.
Criminal Law
afsaneh zamani jabbari; mahmood saber; mohammad farajiha
Abstract
The application of preventive measures against activities involving the occurrence of criminal and harmful results in the public interest, in accordance with Article 114 of the Criminal procedure code, faces fundamental challenges in three categories: legislative, judicial, and executive. The purpose ...
Read More
The application of preventive measures against activities involving the occurrence of criminal and harmful results in the public interest, in accordance with Article 114 of the Criminal procedure code, faces fundamental challenges in three categories: legislative, judicial, and executive. The purpose of this study is to provide solutions and express the necessities for overcoming these challenges. The approach of this research is qualitative-exploratory. The article concludes that the admission of an immediate trial and an interim injunction in criminal matters, the provision of an approving Supervision by the prosecutor, the inclusion of precautionary measures, and the need for periodic review can compensate for the Deficienciesof a fair trial. Determining criteria instead of defining concepts, risk assessment based on prerequisites, identifying the principle of good faith, adhering to the criteria of fitness and necessity, balancing preventive measures, and economic development are among the solutions and necessities that are provided to address other challenges. Also, in order to enrich the results, in some cases, the experience of other criminal systems has been used.
Private Law
ali amiri; Javad Tahmasebi; Batool Pakzad
Abstract
"Management of referral of criminal cases in guaranteeing an impartial trial", while having an intangible and intangible feature in the trial process, has an extraordinary role in the formal and substantive processing of proceedings and the strategy of the country's supreme judicial management. Although ...
Read More
"Management of referral of criminal cases in guaranteeing an impartial trial", while having an intangible and intangible feature in the trial process, has an extraordinary role in the formal and substantive processing of proceedings and the strategy of the country's supreme judicial management. Although with the return of the legislator from the managerial approach and determining the two criteria of "specialization" and "order", in drafting Articles 448 and 465 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, It has taken an important step towards the rule of law and the oversight of managers, but the lack of full entry into this field, The challenge of overcoming this problem remains unresolved. And despite the Supreme Disciplinary Court's commitment to legislative safeguard policies, the lack of coherent rules and adequate safeguards in this regard allows any referring authority to abuse its powers and legal loopholes to curb the initiative. And by his purposeful referral, divert the course of the proceedings from the path of justice and deprive the parties to the dispute of the right to equality and the enjoyment of an impartial tribunal. Therefore, diligence in training and reducing the concentration of power of the referral authority, selection and appointment of experienced, committed and specialized managers, explaining the position of the referral in the trial process and aspects of appealing against votes, setting appropriate deadlines and comprehensive criteria for referral, along with performance guarantees Special and providing desirable oversight, can help to refer wisely and impartially and thus improve the efficiency of the judiciary and community satisfaction.
Criminal Law
zeinab sheidaeian
Abstract
The relationships between the prosecution service and the police follow distinctive models (hierarchical or network) in accordance with the ruling procedure system (accusatorial or inquisitorial). In the system of the Islamic Republic of Iran, the hierarchical model is used in the relationship between ...
Read More
The relationships between the prosecution service and the police follow distinctive models (hierarchical or network) in accordance with the ruling procedure system (accusatorial or inquisitorial). In the system of the Islamic Republic of Iran, the hierarchical model is used in the relationship between the prosecution service and the police. Studies show that there are deficiencies in the relationship between the two organizations. The present article seeks to provide an optimal model of the relationship between the prosecution service and the police in the Islamic Republic of Iran. This research has used the library methodology, and the proposed model is designed according to the existing circumstances and realities of Iran's criminal justice system and addresses its aspects. The model of prosecution service and police relations at its best situation, results in more efficiency and effectiveness in detecting, prosecuting and investigating crimes. The aspects of the optimal model for Iran's police and prosecution service relations are as follows: 1- Assignment the crime detection function to the police, 2. Two-way communication based on the network model between the two police and prosecution service and, as a result, the equality of the two organizations with each other 3. Assignment of execution of investigations to the judicial police, 4. Separation of the investigating authority based on the severity of the crimes 5. The administration of the prosecution service on the judicial police; in this way, the judicial police are established and run under the dominion of the prosecution service, and at the same time, in proportion to the circumstances, enjoy a flexible and moderate sovereignty.
Private Law
Mahdi Hasanzadeh
Abstract
According to codes of procedure (articles 348 and 371 Civil Procedure Code and article 477 Criminal Procedure Code) "Contrary to Islamic Jurisprudence" has been announced as the cause of quash of judgments. It is an important point and should be studied if this cause is applicable to all judgments or ...
Read More
According to codes of procedure (articles 348 and 371 Civil Procedure Code and article 477 Criminal Procedure Code) "Contrary to Islamic Jurisprudence" has been announced as the cause of quash of judgments. It is an important point and should be studied if this cause is applicable to all judgments or just judgments which rendered by virtue of religious sources and injunctions and according to principal 167 Constitutional law and article 3 Civil Procedure Code. Applying this cause in the manner that causes quash of judgments which rendered according to laws, it bring about the violation of the laws and this result is not coordinated with constitution law and legal system and arises the shaking of laws and disorder of legal system. Then, for solving this fundamental problem, we are obliged to know this cause as dissuaded from cases which its applying causes the quash of judgments which rendered according to laws.
Criminal Law
afsaneh zamani jabbari; Mahmood Saber; Doraid Mousavi Mojab
Abstract
for the first time, , The ability of activities stopping that Containing criminal activity and Harmful to the public interest, in all matters of production, service, and trade, through the use of preventive measures, Came off in Article 114 of Criminal Procedure Code adopted 1392. Measures with this ...
Read More
for the first time, , The ability of activities stopping that Containing criminal activity and Harmful to the public interest, in all matters of production, service, and trade, through the use of preventive measures, Came off in Article 114 of Criminal Procedure Code adopted 1392. Measures with this approach have previously been taken only on a case-by-case basis in scattered laws and regulations, until a more serious look was taken with the passage of the aforementioned article. Despite this positive action, some challenges have led to a lack of full utilization of its capabilities and capabilities. The purpose of this paper is to design a conceptual model of the existing challenges and pathologies of Article 114 of the Criminal procedure code. The approach of this research is qualitative-exploratory. The paper concludes that there are fundamental challenges in the three categories of legislative, judicial, and executive. In the legislative category, the sub-categories of Deficiencies in the principles of a fair trial (Includes Measures nature ambiguity, lack of effective judicial Supervision, the uncertainty of the scope of the measures, Non-assignment of periodic reviews), ambiguous basic concepts, the lack of basic characteristics in dangerous attainment. In the judiciary category, the sub-categories of maximum-minimum perceptions, the conflict of rights and freedoms of activities with the public interest;, and In the Executive category, the sub-categories of the lack of necessary mechanisms; The unpredictability of effective implementation strategies and economic consequences can be examined. The conceptual model of the pathology of Article 114 of Criminal procedure code is also designed and presented on this basis.
Criminal Law
Ruhollah Akrami
Abstract
In regard to proving criminal cases, although each legal system has its own view over the validity of Confession, yet it has a special position in all legal system. Confession has an intrinsic value in different countries' regulations subject to the system of legal reasons, thus in some legal systems, ...
Read More
In regard to proving criminal cases, although each legal system has its own view over the validity of Confession, yet it has a special position in all legal system. Confession has an intrinsic value in different countries' regulations subject to the system of legal reasons, thus in some legal systems, the judge is obliged to issue a judgment based solely on the confession for the absolute validity given to it by the legislator. Whereas in countries affected by the system of moral reasons, the confession itself is not valid and its value is as a means of assuring the judge of the event to which the confession has been made. In the present article, an attempt has been made to examine the validity of the confession in proving the case with a descriptive-analytical method. In this regard, it is examined whether a criminal judge can issue a sentence as soon as the accused confesses, and this validity remains until the judge is aware of its inaccuracy? Or that the sentence can be issued only on the basis of a confession when the judge is satisfied with it? And basically, this persuasion can be based on confession alone or does it need other supporting evidence? In order to answer these questions, while briefly studying the legal system of some Islamic countries, the issue has been specifically examined from the perspective of the Codified regulations, legal doctrine and judicial procedure of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The superficial conflict between the approach of the Islamic Penal Code and the Code of Criminal Procedure on this issue has added to the complexity of the issue, which makes it necessary to rely on interpretive methods to accept the relevant validity of the criminal confession.
Criminal Law
vali rostami; Sina Rostami; Hasan Kabgani
Abstract
The point of departure for the law and the sign of adherence to the rule of law is the existence of a constitution in any country. In the legal system of Iran, the safeguarding of the constitution is enforced by the Guardian Council and the Judiciary. Nevertheless, the Guardian Council seems not to be ...
Read More
The point of departure for the law and the sign of adherence to the rule of law is the existence of a constitution in any country. In the legal system of Iran, the safeguarding of the constitution is enforced by the Guardian Council and the Judiciary. Nevertheless, the Guardian Council seems not to be fully in line with the principles of fair trial enshrined in the constitution. Because by reviewing the legal and fundamental principles of the Code of Criminal Procedure, approved in 2013, one may easily realise that some of the provisions of this law are in conflict with the principles of fair trial enshrined in the constitution. Accordingly, it seems necessary to analyze the existing conflicts as well as to examine the possibility for court judges to invoke the constitution, as well as the non-implementation of legal articles contrary to the principles of the constitution. The present study uses a descriptive-analytical method to measure the compliance of ordinary laws related to the principles of superior proceedings and in case of changes and non-compliance, to describe the guarantee of implementation of these discrepancies. The results indicate that the Code of Criminal Procedure, passed in 2013, despite the great progress made in observing the principles of fair trial enshrined in the constitution, in cases related to the right to appoint a lawyer and the publicity of dealing with political and press crimes, the principles related to the separation of powers and other cases, still contain sentences contrary to the spirit of the Constitution.
Criminal Law
Behnam Ghaffari; Seyyed Hamid SHahcheragh
Abstract
One of the major problems at present in the branches of criminal Judgment's execution throughout the country, which have a significant volume of cases in these units, are cases involving default convictions where their judgments have not been actual notice. Such cases, which were not executed due to ...
Read More
One of the major problems at present in the branches of criminal Judgment's execution throughout the country, which have a significant volume of cases in these units, are cases involving default convictions where their judgments have not been actual notice. Such cases, which were not executed due to the lack of recognition and access to the convicted person, now constitute a large part of the older cases of these branches. Certainly one of the most effective legal tools for overcoming such an undesirable situation is the regulations governing the execution prescription. However, due to ambiguity in jurisprudence over the concept of "definitive verdict", this legal instrument is not well used and the Legal Department of the Judiciary has not been able to assist in resolving this dilemma by providing a proper interpretation of the provisions. On the contrary, it has added to the ambiguity of the field with its controversial and critical advisory opinions. In this article, in addition to exploring the concept of the definitive verdict, numerous opinions of the legal department in this field will be criticized, and eventually, it will be shown that default judgments along with other judgments commonly accepted as definitive and non-appealable are subject to execution time-lapse set forth in Article107 of the Islamic Penal Act, 2013.
Private Law
Ali Asgaritavani; Hasan Mohseni; mohammad ali mahdavi sabet; Mansoor Amini
Abstract
The enactment of the Code of Criminal Procedure in 2014, following the 1999 law that considered general courts, raised the question of what the consequences would be for the separation of legal and criminal authorities. One of these effects is the influence of the legal authority from the criminal due ...
Read More
The enactment of the Code of Criminal Procedure in 2014, following the 1999 law that considered general courts, raised the question of what the consequences would be for the separation of legal and criminal authorities. One of these effects is the influence of the legal authority from the criminal due to the compliance of the legal authority with the criminal verdict. However, the question is "to what extent" and "in which condition"? In Article 18 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, the legislature only mentions the phrase "effective" criminal verdict on a law. While the phrase is not clear and should be analyzed by studying the elements of the criminal verdict. In this article, by mentioning the principles, characteristics, conditions and effects of the rule of validity of the final criminal case in civil law in the legal system of Iran and France, we explain the superiority of criminal law over civil law by mentioning the votes. Finally, we make the exception of the fact that the third party is the victim of the criminal verdict and the buyer of the property in the transaction intends to flee from the debt. The research method is based on a descriptive-analytical and applied method (judicial procedure). The main result is to prove the existence of the right of the third party affected by this rule.
Criminal Law
Sayyed Hosein Ale Taha; Hosein Aghaei; aref bashiri
Abstract
There are fundamental questions and obvious differences between the jurists regarding the guarantee or non-guarantee against the death of the convict and the additional punishment imposed on her during the issuance or execution of the sentence: Well-known jurists have considered the loss of one's blood ...
Read More
There are fundamental questions and obvious differences between the jurists regarding the guarantee or non-guarantee against the death of the convict and the additional punishment imposed on her during the issuance or execution of the sentence: Well-known jurists have considered the loss of one's blood to be based on the rule that "No Blood Money for the One Killed Due to Legal Punishment". Some jurists also citing some religious generalities, have believed to Lack of guarantees pent to Lack of extremes in Punishment and a few jurists, such as Sheikh Mufid, have distinguished between the rights of God and the rights of the people. This difference of opinion among scholars has also been transferred to the Islamic Penal Code, and there are contradictions in some legal articles that need to be examined. This article critiques each point of view in a descriptive-analytical way, along with their documentation and analysis of legal materials. The author's chosen opinion in substantiation of Guarantee for Punishment leading to the deprivation of life wherein permeate of wounds is not Arising from negligence. This claim is based on the priority of the evidence of the sanctity of the Muslim person's blood over other evidence, the generalities of the murder, and also agrees with the scholarly view of Khansari in one of her possibilities and It explicitly complies with Article 13 of the Islamic Penal Code and Note 185 of the Islamic Penal Code. According to the law, if deprive of life arising from Punishment is after warning of Judge enforcing the penalty, It removes the guarantee from him.
Criminal Law
seyyed ebrahim ghodsi; Hossein Fazeli
Abstract
Although the Islamic Penal Code (enacted in 2013) has clearly recognized criminal liability for legal persons, only nine articles have been adopted in the Criminal Procedure Code (enacted in 2015) to investigate these crimes. Since, for many years, criminal responsibility for legal persons was not adopted ...
Read More
Although the Islamic Penal Code (enacted in 2013) has clearly recognized criminal liability for legal persons, only nine articles have been adopted in the Criminal Procedure Code (enacted in 2015) to investigate these crimes. Since, for many years, criminal responsibility for legal persons was not adopted in Iran's Law (except for a few cases), it was not a big challenge to deal with these crimes. After recognition of criminal liability for legal persons in the Islamic Penal Code, many challenges will arise from a formal perspective in conducting preliminary investigations into the allegations against them; given that legal persons are abstract in meaning and because provisions adopted in the Criminal Procedure Code are essentially natural-person oriented. Presumably, these Challenges may include how to summon and prosecute a legal person, voluntary annulment of a legal person during preliminary investigations, issuance of judicial orders, and using certain favorable institutions such as filing a lawsuit or suspension of prosecution. The present study tries to analyze challenges through the analytic-descriptive method and to introduce recommendations to deal with them. These recommendations may include: Specifying suitable legal sanctions when a legal person's representative ignores presence in court; making judicial orders compelling; and consideration of legal sanctions to prevent violation of these orders.
Private Law
Parviz Bagheri
Abstract
“Green court” is a new procedure mechanism on the ground of less paper usage that has a significant role in investigating the cases of the courts. In other words, electronic procedure, by the use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), and with the aim of availability and exchange ...
Read More
“Green court” is a new procedure mechanism on the ground of less paper usage that has a significant role in investigating the cases of the courts. In other words, electronic procedure, by the use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), and with the aim of availability and exchange of information is a mechanism that arranges between the courts and beneficiary parties in the cases of the courts. This mechanism can promote the job satisfactory of judges, staff and parties. Mechanisms such as VCS, QMS, CMC and CAP are among the ways used by the legal system of many countries such as Malaysia, while the Iranian legal system has been partly failed to utilize such mechanisms. The present research through critical analysis method, tries to compare the two Iranian and Malaysian legal systems in using the e-court and legally scrutinizes the existed and future challenges of the green court application and gives some commentaries and suggestions.
