Private Law
mohammad mojtaba rodijani; Hekmatullah Askari; Behnam Ensafi Azar
Abstract
The right of lien in Iranian law has been explained by jurists, considering Article 377 of the Civil Code. This article is included in the submission of the contract of sale and the jurists mainly deal with this article only in the topic of the right of lien. However, attention to other regulations, ...
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The right of lien in Iranian law has been explained by jurists, considering Article 377 of the Civil Code. This article is included in the submission of the contract of sale and the jurists mainly deal with this article only in the topic of the right of lien. However, attention to other regulations, jurisprudential analysis, and comparison with foreign laws demonstrate two types of liens can be identified in Iranian law: 1) equitable lien (in cases where there is a balance between the parties), 2) possessory lien (the legal right for a creditor to preserve the property of the debtor). This is while the review of the equitable lien in the works of legal writers did not leave room for an independent review of the lien of possession, even though this type of right of lien has been present in Iranian law since 1/6/1312 (1933) with the approval of the law on the debt of immigrants to guest houses and boarding houses. This article, through the descriptive-analytical method (library study), seeks to identify possessory lien as an independent institution in Iranian law with a comparative study.For this purpose, a comprehensive definition of the right of lien is provided in the present research: "The right of Lien is the legal right for a person that is settled in the property of others until the fulfillment of their debt and obligation." This definition, in addition to including various types of the right of lien by passing the traditional point of view, also opens the way for the use of other types of right of lien, including maritime lien, which is itself one of the type of the right of lien in possession, in Iranian law.
International Law
Majid Ghamami; Aliasghar Saneian
Abstract
If an agreement of the choice of court or choice of forum clause in international private law has legal effect, it may grant exclusive jurisdiction to the chosen court, and disqualified from the courts of other countries, unless agreed to be the chosen court is non-exclusive. Judgment of chosen court ...
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If an agreement of the choice of court or choice of forum clause in international private law has legal effect, it may grant exclusive jurisdiction to the chosen court, and disqualified from the courts of other countries, unless agreed to be the chosen court is non-exclusive. Judgment of chosen court in another country shall be recognized or enforced if such agreement is valid under the law of the court of foreign judgment. The method of this article is analytical-descriptive and its result shows that such an agreement is generally neither contrary to public judicial policy nor contrary to the rules of internal civil procedure in determining the jurisdiction of courts, unless the agreement is not valid in terms of law (unlawful), such as the choice of court agreement is the case in the exclusive jurisdiction of another courts of country. Also, if this agreement has been concluded fraudulently or unfairly or by fraud, then it is not valid. Plus, if the chosen court of the two parties is not related to the elements of the dispute, the court can, due to the lack of a reasonable and legitimate interest and to avoid imposing court costs on its respective country, consider such jurisdiction invalid and refuse to hear the case; But if the judgment is issued, recognition and enforcement of it in abroad, depends on the court's opinion of the legitimacy of this type of agreement.
Private Law
Dr. Seyyed Mostafa mohaghegh damad; khashayar esfandiari far
Abstract
Law and justice are closely linked, and decisions that do not conform to justice and fairness are not willingly executed, leading to resorting to all kinds of deceit to escape from it. The link between law and justice can be observed in many judicial decisions, and one of the manifestations of justice ...
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Law and justice are closely linked, and decisions that do not conform to justice and fairness are not willingly executed, leading to resorting to all kinds of deceit to escape from it. The link between law and justice can be observed in many judicial decisions, and one of the manifestations of justice in judicial decisions is the lawsuit for damages by the plaintiff. Nowadays, in various contracts, especially commercial ones, the pledgee tries to put pressure on the pledger and to ensure that he she fulfills the pledge, sums of money are assigned to the pledge agreement as a consideration. In some cases, the pledgee, for various reasons, such as economic fluctuations or negligence and shortcomings, refuses to perform the contractual obligations (in part or in full), resulting in encountering an enormous amount of contractual loss, which sometimes exceeds the contract value. In this type of litigation, the role of judges and, in fact, the judgments are very strong and some courts consider the "principle of interpretation in the light of the whole contract", "the administration of justice and fairness as a rule" and "the illegality of the condition", deviating from Article 230 of the Civil Code and order payment of the obligation by modifying its amount or removing the above-mentioned condition and holding it in accordance with justice. In the present paper, several instances of judicial opinions are mentioned in this regard and their arguments are analyzed.
Mohammad Roshan; GHafor KHoeini; Azad Falahi
Abstract
As usual, with respect to observance of formation and creation conditions of contracts status, they are divided into three statuses: authenticity, annulment, and ineffectiveness. Each of these three terms possesses special status that has been stipulated by legislator following to observance of the required ...
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As usual, with respect to observance of formation and creation conditions of contracts status, they are divided into three statuses: authenticity, annulment, and ineffectiveness. Each of these three terms possesses special status that has been stipulated by legislator following to observance of the required qualifications. In some cases, the terms of the concluded contracts possess all basic conditions for authenticity (correctitude); however, often due to treating with third parties, they may encounter some status that is assumed as type of ‘pasture tax’. The pasture tax denotes a status in which the contract includes the authenticity conditions but in order to observe the rights of third party in the given contract, it should be waited within time interval for pasture tax status so if the right of third party is given typically in whatsoever after that period the contract is correct otherwise it will be annulled. In other words, the given contract does not encounter ay problem at the expedient phase but it will be exposed to some barrier in effectiveness of the given contract duly. Some experts have assumed this status as synonymous with non- referable status in French law. This is a paradigm that has been criticized in the preset article ad we have interpreted this point with implication of some evidences ad documentation that these two statuses are different from each other so assuming them as synonymous terms is improper. The basis of pasture tax status is to composition of rights of both parties. Unlike other institutions, this term is not employed only for adjudication of third parties or both contract parties, but it will be tried to achieve rights of all contract parties. We try to analyze ‘posture tax statuses in terms of jurisprudential and legal perspectives in the current essay. In this course, we will look at Iranian, Islamic, and French law systems.
Seyed Mohammadtaghi Alavi; Morteza Asadlou
Abstract
Reservation of title in a wide meaning consists of delay in transferring of proprietorship. But the common meaning of it is based on suspension in proprietorship of object of sale. About this clause different legal systems have various attitudes. Some countries like France despite of admitting this clause ...
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Reservation of title in a wide meaning consists of delay in transferring of proprietorship. But the common meaning of it is based on suspension in proprietorship of object of sale. About this clause different legal systems have various attitudes. Some countries like France despite of admitting this clause have restricted its application and some countries such as England, at least in some situations, interpret this clause as a mortgage and so don’t let to one of the parties to consider himself as owner. The aim of this article is a comparative study of effects of reservation of title in France, England and Iran.
Abdollah Sedighian; Javad Jafari Nadoshsan
Abstract
Contracting parties can suspend dissolution of contract to an event in the future by inserting a dissolving condition into the contract. The effect of this condition is extinction of obligation and fulfillment is compulsory and applies to future. The manner of inserting a dissolving condition into the ...
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Contracting parties can suspend dissolution of contract to an event in the future by inserting a dissolving condition into the contract. The effect of this condition is extinction of obligation and fulfillment is compulsory and applies to future. The manner of inserting a dissolving condition into the contract and its consequences confirm that dissolving condition is condition of subsequent events and its effect is in the collective intention of the parties. Dissolving condition which is not contrary to law, moral requirements and public order, is compulsory. Dissolving conditions can be applied to revocable contracts too.
Seyed Mohammad Sadegh Tabatabaei; Abbas Kiyani
Abstract
The civil law for the short sale of constructed edifices, which can be seen in light of support in favor of the advance purchaser, was passed by the Islamic Legislative Council of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the month of Day 1389 (A.H.) and subsequently gained the approval of the Guardian Council. ...
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The civil law for the short sale of constructed edifices, which can be seen in light of support in favor of the advance purchaser, was passed by the Islamic Legislative Council of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the month of Day 1389 (A.H.) and subsequently gained the approval of the Guardian Council. From the very beginning the legal character of the legislation, especially with regard to its first constituent article, proved highly controversial. The present paper, aiming to clarify the legislative character of this law, scrutinizes these issues and in the course of disputing the necessity of the reception of the total amount due in concordant transaction, reaches the final conclusion that the law is harmonious and in accordance with such transaction, this being conditioned by the presupposition that the contract observe the first article of the legislative law and state in writing that the edifice under agreement be transferred into the possession of the purchaser either “from the beginning,” “during the course of construction” or “after the completion of the edifice.” In the first instance the transfer will be unconditionally complete; in the second instance the transfer will be in a state of conditional pending and in accordance with the number of installments; and in the final instance the transfer will be in a state of conditional pending completed after the payment of the final installment.
Fahad Parvin; Azim Akbari Rood Poshti
Abstract
Diversity of contractual matters has caused lots of controversies in private international law. The main legislation in Iranian law of contractsin this respect is section 968 of Civil Code. Most debates about this section are devoted to the matter beingcompulsory or complementary. In this article, with ...
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Diversity of contractual matters has caused lots of controversies in private international law. The main legislation in Iranian law of contractsin this respect is section 968 of Civil Code. Most debates about this section are devoted to the matter beingcompulsory or complementary. In this article, with a deep analysis of all respected dimensions, we conclude that, regarding section 10 of Civil Code, we need to take a different approach. This approach has a double base. Firstly, it is based upon the principle of the freedom of the contracts and secondly upon the fitness criterion. By fitness criterion, we prefer the law that has the best coherence and most bonds with the contract.
Abdollah Khodabakhshi
Abstract
When contract entering into criminal law, both rules are skeptical. To say that they are not linked and unable to live together. criminal lawyer objected that civil analysis should not be enter the field criminal and civil lawyer believes that the contract is the basic relation, and when not supporting ...
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When contract entering into criminal law, both rules are skeptical. To say that they are not linked and unable to live together. criminal lawyer objected that civil analysis should not be enter the field criminal and civil lawyer believes that the contract is the basic relation, and when not supporting the right and obligation, criminal law also will not interfere. To eliminate this dispute, it will be accepted the arbitrator and accept his award. This arbitrator is the “principle of criminal law independence” and his attraction and repulsion. the principle that on the one hand, prohibits excessive development of criminal law and on the other hand, to invoke the presumption of innocence irregulary. Perhaps, it will be say that the rules of contract will not follow in criminal law, even as the principle and only should be interpreted with regard to the objectives, features and special foundations of criminal law. This paper shows some results about relation between contract and criminal law.
