Hamid Bahremand
Abstract
One of the characteristics of cybercrimes is that perpetrators because of the possibility of anonymity and by finding ways to commit crimes can commit several crimes against multiple victims at the same time. On one hand, some crimes are committed by using methods such as phishing, which encompasses ...
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One of the characteristics of cybercrimes is that perpetrators because of the possibility of anonymity and by finding ways to commit crimes can commit several crimes against multiple victims at the same time. On one hand, some crimes are committed by using methods such as phishing, which encompasses a wide range of victims. On the other hand, according to their personality, the perpetrators of these crimes are familiar with the techniques of committing the crime and also are aware of the criminal laws and regulations, and that the commission of the crimes more than certain numbers has no effect on the amount of their punishment. This makes these rules, which are, as a rule, applicable to individuals whose multiple crimes are exceptions, is not effective for cybercriminals whose single offense is often the exception, and criminal responses do not prevent them from other crimes. The failure to impose penalties, such as deprivation of electronic public services, both as primary punishments and as additional penalties do not prevent these criminals from committing another crime again after sustaining the main penalty. The ambiguity in the regulation of the multiple crimes and unclear boundaries between actual and virtual concurrence of crimes and numerous criminal consequences has led to differences in the determination of appropriate penalties in judicial proceedings. This article, by using a library-based resources and a descriptive-analytical method, in addition to interpretive method seeks appropriate solutions for solving problems.
Yunes Fathi; Kheyrollah Shahmoradi
Abstract
Privacy is a reasonable range in which an individual expects to be safe from others accessibility. The others referred here, could be the government or other real or legal persons, therefore, privacy has a same definition in virtual space. This space has caused new threats and opportunities be created ...
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Privacy is a reasonable range in which an individual expects to be safe from others accessibility. The others referred here, could be the government or other real or legal persons, therefore, privacy has a same definition in virtual space. This space has caused new threats and opportunities be created and the privacy in virtual space has encountered questions, uncertainties and challenges. We should primarily go to the root of privacy concept formation. Privacy gets importance when the individual get important and without that individual, there is privacy for him/her. Thus, privacy is a modern concept. Now regarding to the fact that this individual is the most effective element in virtual space and also this is the person who gives identity to the internet, reviewing the concept and area of privacy in virtual place gets double importance. Now, as it has been obvious that why and how the issue of privacy is tied to virtual space and social network, the most important question of this article forms that what is the concept, area and territory of privacy in virtual space? Naturally, as this issue gets clarified, we should find the grounds for privacy violation in virtual space and should go to the issue that who try to violate privacy in virtual space and social networks and why they do that, in order to find solutions to prevent this violation. This article is seeking to clarify these issues by the descriptive and analytical method.
Behzad Razavifard; seyyed neamat allah mousavi
Abstract
Cyber space is regarded as a body of human connections that functions thorough computers and communications without any physical space. It provides not only numerous benefits, but also a new opportunity for committing criminal behavior. This article is to determine cybercrime jurisdiction. Actually, ...
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Cyber space is regarded as a body of human connections that functions thorough computers and communications without any physical space. It provides not only numerous benefits, but also a new opportunity for committing criminal behavior. This article is to determine cybercrime jurisdiction. Actually, as cybercrime is not committed in a physical space, determination of competent jurisdiction is demanding. In order to determine cybercrime jurisdiction, two kinds of criteria are taken into account: one is criminal jurisdiction based on classic rules and another is based on cybercrime’s characteristics. Therefore, it is possible to determine competent jurisdiction regarding those criteria, however, in some cases like that the accused is abroad or crime is committed in that way, there is obstacle with internal competent jurisdiction. Strategically, it is seriously required to take into account international cooperation in order to realize criminal jurisdiction.
