Criminal Law
sana kazempour; mohammad farajiha
Abstract
Sentencing studies indicate that female offenders typically receive less severe punishments than males and that the criminal justice system treats women more leniently than men. The current study, through theories such as paternalism (and its more recent versions) and evil woman theory, seeks to answer ...
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Sentencing studies indicate that female offenders typically receive less severe punishments than males and that the criminal justice system treats women more leniently than men. The current study, through theories such as paternalism (and its more recent versions) and evil woman theory, seeks to answer how gender as an extralegal factor affects the process of sentencing in drug offences and whether there is a difference in the effectiveness of theories depending on the social structure of the two societies, Iran and the United States.In this study, qualitative research methods have been used. The content of documents, including cases of drug offences conviction (60 samples) between 2010 and 2020, and criminal justice officials’ discourse have been analyzed. In-depth interviews with judicial activists and drug lawyers (24 cases) were also used to understand the factors that encourage judges to impose lenient or severe punishments on women.The findings of this study show that paternalistic attitudes toward women in Iranian society, Childcare, the social costs of punishing mothers, and the subordination of the partner are the main factors that reduce the likelihood of conviction of harsh sentences, such as the death penalty for women in Iran. On the other hand, criminal records in drug offences, high quantity of drugs, or illegal relationships are factors that lead to violations of gender norms and deprivation of women of leniency approach in the criminal justice system about drug offences.
Criminal Law
majid sadeghnejad naeiny; Sakineh Khanalipoor
Abstract
One of the steps in the completing of criminal behavior which is response with criminal sanction is attempting. Attempting which is the closest stage to crime is defined as a stage which if there is no obstacle, the crime will end. Response to this behavior is done by various ways. The legislature In ...
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One of the steps in the completing of criminal behavior which is response with criminal sanction is attempting. Attempting which is the closest stage to crime is defined as a stage which if there is no obstacle, the crime will end. Response to this behavior is done by various ways. The legislature In the Islamic Penal Code 2013 in spite of later codes has tried to regulate the punishment of it to achieve a consistency in verdicts. Irrespective of this positive approach, sentencing in Attempting in Crime with Multiple and Discretionary Penalties are challengeable and bring about difficulties for judges. This research whit Descriptive-analytical method has implied the legislation and judicial problems of sentencing in Attempting and tried to answer to this question that how is the sentencing in Attempting in Crime with Multiple and Discretionary Penalties. In this regard, there are several ideas which all of them concentrate on a special basis. These ideas are discretion of judge approach, the Criterion the most severe punishment and Criterion the mildest punishment. Findings of this study show that according to interpretive principles and focused on current ideas, about every crime which punishment is Discretionary, the judge has this discretion in attempting too. However, for avoiding different verdicts, the nature of committed crimes and criminal policy about them must be considered.
Jalal Tohidi; hosein Amirli
Abstract
Sentencing for cybercrimes as a formal and mandatory response is the most important way to deal with these crimes. Sentencing means judge discretion for selecting proper sentence for convicts of cybercrimes. Sentencing is applied in three states: change of legal punishment, imperfect execution of sentence ...
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Sentencing for cybercrimes as a formal and mandatory response is the most important way to deal with these crimes. Sentencing means judge discretion for selecting proper sentence for convicts of cybercrimes. Sentencing is applied in three states: change of legal punishment, imperfect execution of sentence and non-execution of sentence. At first glance, sentencing for cyber criminals is similar to other criminals but differential legal penalization leads to differential sentencing. Differential approach to sentencing for cybercrimes is based on contradiction relationship between cybercrime and cybercriminal. As much as cybercriminal deserve for easy sentencing for due to factors such as age, gender, location of offense and its circumstances, talents and high qualities, vice versa cybercrime deserves rough sentencing due to widespread damages, easy commit of multiplicity of crime, commit in different places, multiple challenges for cyber forensic and prosecution like anonymity. The importance of sentencing is depends on understanding the conflict between deserves of cybercriminal and concerns of cybercrime.
