The Judiciarys Law Journal

The Judiciarys Law Journal

The Right of Reply in the Media in the Light of Comparative Studies and Iranian Law

Document Type : Research/Original/Regular Article

Authors
1 Assistant Professor, Department of Theory-Oriented STI Studies, National Research Institute for Science Policy, Tehran, Iran
2 .
Abstract
The right of reply aims to strike a balance between the freedom of the press and the rights of individuals to protect their personality, reputation, honor, and dignity. It is derived from the fundamental right to freedom of speech and media. This right serves as a legal mechanism to ensure accountability of the press when they publish false or inaccurate information or engage in defamation. The primary goals of the right of reply include mitigating the negative consequences of false and misleading news and reporting, deterring irresponsible press behavior, and ensuring that the public receives accurate and complete information. Numerous countries differentiate between the right of reply and the right of correction. The former is invoked when the press disseminates information or opinions that are inaccurate or false, thereby infringing on an individual's inherent rights, such as reputation, privacy, and dignity. The Constitution is the primary source for recognizing or rejecting the right of reply in many prominent legal systems, while normal laws have been enacted in other jurisdictions to acknowledge this right and establish its parameters. Using a descriptive and analytical approach, the present article aims to identify the theoretical underpinnings, prerequisites, and constraints of implementing the right of reply in several crucial legal frameworks and laws in Iran.
Keywords
Subjects

منابع

فارسی

§      کریمیان راوندی، مهدی  (1386 )، مسئولیت مدنی روزنامه نگاران.چاپ نخست، تهران: دادگستر.
§      اسماعیلی، محسن (1388)، «حق پاسخ و تصحیح در صدا و سیما»،
= 6http://www.mohsenesmaeili.ir/NSite/FullStory/News/?Id
§      حیدری، علی‌مراد (1391)، «بررسی حق تصحیح رسانه‌ای در حقوق ایران و اسناد بین‌المللی»، پژوهش‌های ارتباطی، شماره نوزدهم، دوره هفتادم.
§      ضیایی، سید ناصر و طباخی ممقانی، جواد (1391)، «حق پاسخگویی در رسانه از منظر حقوق بین‌الملل و حقوق ایران»، پژوهش‌های حقوق تطبیقی، شماره چهارم. دوره پانزدهم.

انگلیسی

§  Ader, B. (2011). Le droit de réponse en ligne. LEGICOM, 46, 95-96. https://doi.org/10.3917/legi.046.0095.
§  Bollinger, L,. (1976). Freedom of the press and public access: toward a theory of partial regulation of the mass media. Michigan Law Review.75, 1.
§  Freitag, J., Gochee, M., Ransden, M., Nyhan, B., Roschke, K., & Gillmor, D. (2023). The Corrections Dilemma: Media Retractions Increase Belief Accuracy But Decrease Trust. Journal of Experimental Political Science, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1017/xps.2023.4.
§  Johnson, B. G. (2019). Right of Reply. The International Encyclopedia of Journalism Studies, 1–3. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118841570.iejs0094.
§  Koltay, A. (2007). The Right of Reply : A Comparative Approach. Iustum Aequum Salutare, 3(4), 203–213. http://real.mtak.hu/98864.
§  Koltay, A. (2013). The right of reply in a European comparative perspective. Acta Juridica Hungarica, 54(1), 73–89. https://doi.org/10.1556/ajur.54.2013.1.6.
§  Koltay, A. (2022). The Protection of Freedom of Expression from Social Media. The Protection of Freedom of Expression from Social Media Platforms. Mercer Law Review, 73(2), 3–2022. Retrieved October 6, 2022, from https://digitalcommons.law.mercer.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2721&context=jour_mlr.
§  Lepage, A. (2006). Le droit de réponse sur l'internet et la loi de 1881 : entre filiation et émancipation. Legicom, 35, 91-97. https://doi.org/10.3917/legi.035.0091.
§  Lichtenberg, J,. (ed.) (1990). Democracy and the Mass Media: A Collection of Essays. Cambridge University Press.
§  Miami Herald Publ’g Co. v. Tornillo, 418 U.S. 241, 254–58 (1974).
§  Milojevic-Surculija, J. (2015). The right of reply: A tool for an individual to access the media. Godisnjak Fakulteta Politickih Nauka, 9 (13), 225–238. https://doi.org/10.5937/godfpn1513225m
§  Munk, R. (2019). Right Of Reply Of Public Officials. CER 11th Comparative European Research. London.
§  Red Lion Broad. Co. v. FCC, 395 U.S. 367 (1969).
§  Sunstein, C. (1994). A New Deal for Speech, Hastings Communications and Entertainment Law Journal, 137.
§  Youm, K. (2008). The Right of Reply and Freedom of the Press: An International and Comparative Perspective. The George Washington Law Review. 76.
§  European Parliamentary Research Service. (2019). Freedom Of Expression, A Comparative Law Perspective: The United States. http://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank.
§  Lee, J. (2008). Right of Reply. The International Encyclopedia of Communication. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781405186407.wbiecr097.
§  Peled, E. (2007). Constitutionalizing mandatory retraction in defemation. Hastings Communications and Entertainment Law Journal, Vol. 30.
§  Glasser, C. J., Jr. (2009). International libel and privacy handbook: A global reference for journalists, publishers, webmasters, and lawyers (2nd ed.). Bloomberg Press.
§  Budica-Iacob, M. I. (2019). The Right To Reply From A Measure For Restoring The Right To Dignity To A Personality Right. Perspectives of Law and Public Administration, 8(2), 192–207. https://ideas.repec.org/a/sja/journl/v8y2019i2p192-207.html.
§  Bundesverfassungsgericht [BVerfG] [Federal Constitutional Court] Jan. 14, 1998, 1 BvR 1861/93, (F.R.G.)
§  Weaver, R. L., & Fairgrieve, D. (2023). Damages, Injunctive Relief, and Other Remedies in Tort and Free Speech Cases. Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
 
Volume 88, Issue 125
Summer 2024
Pages 399-420

  • Receive Date 09 January 2024
  • Revise Date 31 January 2024
  • Accept Date 12 February 2024
  • First Publish Date 27 February 2024
  • Publish Date 21 May 2024